极地冰芯电学性质及导电测量技术研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.02.0161.

地球科学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 161 -170. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.02.0161.

极地冰芯电学性质及导电测量技术研究进展

马天鸣 ^1, ²(

), 谢周清 ¹, 李院生 ^2,,A; ^*(

)

1.中国科学技术大学地球和空间科学学院,安徽合肥 230026
2.中国极地研究中心冰川室,上海 200136

收稿日期:2015-12-21 修回日期:2016-01-29 出版日期:2016-02-20
通讯作者: 李院生 E-mail:matianming@pric.org.cn;liyuansheng@pric.org.cn
基金资助:
国家高技术研究发展计划“冰架热水钻机关键技术与系统开发”(编号:2011AA090401);南北极环境综合与考察专项(2015年度)“2015年度冰盖断面及格罗夫山综合考察与冰穹A深冰芯钻探”(编号:CHINARE2015-02-02)资助

Research Progress on Electrical Properties and Conductivity Measurement Technology of Ice Core

Tianming Ma ^1, ²( ), Zhouqing Xie ¹, Yuansheng Li ^2, ^*( )

1.The School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026,China
2.Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China

Received:2015-12-21 Revised:2016-01-29 Online:2016-02-20 Published:2016-02-10
Contact: Yuansheng Li E-mail:matianming@pric.org.cn;liyuansheng@pric.org.cn
About author:
First author:Ma Tianming(1990-), male, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, Master Student. Research areas include geochemistry on ice and snow in Antarctic.E-mail:matianming@pric.org.cn

Corresponding author:Li Yuansheng(1956-), male, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia Province, Professor. Research area include glaciology in Antarctic.E-mail:liyuansheng@pric.org.cn.
Supported by:
Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China “Hot water ice drilling project at the Amery Ice Shelf”(No.2011AA090401);The Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programmes “Comprehensive surveys along Zhongshan Station to Dome A and in the Grove Mountains and deep ice core drilling at the Dome A”(No.CHINARE2015-02-02)

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冰芯是全球气候变化研究的重要对象,通过物理和化学手段可提取其中的古气候信息。作为物理分析技术之一,冰芯导电测量技术可分为ECM和DEP 2类,已运用到多个冰芯项目中。其主要反映了冰芯电学性质受温度、压力、杂质等因素影响而产生的变化,而导致这些变化的原因可从宏观和微观方面进行解释和探究。冰芯导电测量获得的结果可应用于定年、火山事件、积累率、生物质燃烧、离子浓度恢复等多领域研究,对帮助系统认识第四纪晚更新世以来的南极气候演变过程具有重要意义。通过详细总结极地冰芯导电性质及测量技术的主要研究成果,探讨了该技术在中国Dome A深冰芯项目中的应用前景。

关键词: 冰芯, 导电测量技术, ECM, DEP, 古气候

Ice core is an important object of the global climate change research, and can extract paleoclimate information by physical and chemical methods. As one of the major physical analysis technology, conductivity measurement technology mainly contains two methods and has been applied to many drilling project. The technology reflects the ice core electrical properties influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, impurities and changes, and the cause of these changes can be explained from the aspects of macroscopic and microscopic. What obtained from measurement can be used to the research of dating, volcanic events, accumulation rate, biomass burning, ion concentration recovery, which systematically help us to understand the quaternary evolution of Antarctic climate since late pleistocene. This paper summarized in detail the main research achievements on electrical properties and dielectric measurement technology of ice core, and also discussed the prospect of the technology in China deep ice core project further.

Key words: Ice core, Conductivity measurement technology, ECM, DEP, Paleoclimate.

中图分类号:

P343.6

图1 ECM设备实物图

Fig.1 ECM equipment physical figure

表1 历年南北两极深冰芯ECM设备及相关参数

Table 1 ECM equipment and related parameters of polar deep ice cores

冰芯地点	电极材料	电压 /V	电极间距 /cm	测试温度 /℃	冰芯长度 /m	端部形状及分辨率	其他及备注
GRIP和GISP2^{[ 11 , 12 ]}	黄铜	1 250(GRIP) 2 100(GISP2)	1	-14(或更低)	2.5	方形, 1~2 mm	移动速度 25 mm/s
NEEM和NGIRP^{[ 13 ]}	黄铜	1 250	1	-14(0.23 eV)	1.65~2.2 (来源于DEP)	1~2 cm (NGRIP1, NEEM),1 mm (NGIRP2)	/
Bryd站^{[ 14 , 15 ]}	黄铜	1 200	1	-23	/	1 mm	/
DOME C^{[ 16 , 17 ]}	碳掺杂硅橡胶	350 (小电极间)	电极内部8 mm空间,共有7个小电极	-20+/-2	2.2	1 mm	冰面宽度: 10 cm
VOSTOK^{[ 17 ]}	黄铜	1 500	0.2	-15,通风和绝缘预先加热一晚,-50 ℃重复测量	1	圆形、1 mm	移动速度: 2 m/min, 冰面宽度: 10 cm
DOME F^{[ 18 , 19 ]}	黄铜	1 250	0.15	-20+/-1	/	2 mm	/
WAIS divide^{[ 20 ]}	/	1 250	1	-14~-15	1	1 mm	/
South pole站^{[ 21 ]}	黄铜	1 000	1	约为-15	0.5	尖端锋利,估计为1~2 mm	去除上端的10 mm进行测量
Siple DOME^{[ 22 ]}	/	1 000	1	/	1	3 mm	/

表1 历年南北两极深冰芯ECM设备及相关参数

Table 1 ECM equipment and related parameters of polar deep ice cores

冰芯地点	电极材料	电压 /V	电极间距 /cm	测试温度 /℃	冰芯长度 /m	端部形状及分辨率	其他及备注
GRIP和GISP2^{[ 11 , 12 ]}	黄铜	1 250(GRIP) 2 100(GISP2)	1	-14(或更低)	2.5	方形, 1~2 mm	移动速度 25 mm/s
NEEM和NGIRP^{[ 13 ]}	黄铜	1 250	1	-14(0.23 eV)	1.65~2.2 (来源于DEP)	1~2 cm (NGRIP1, NEEM),1 mm (NGIRP2)	/
Bryd站^{[ 14 , 15 ]}	黄铜	1 200	1	-23	/	1 mm	/
DOME C^{[ 16 , 17 ]}	碳掺杂硅橡胶	350 (小电极间)	电极内部8 mm空间,共有7个小电极	-20+/-2	2.2	1 mm	冰面宽度: 10 cm
VOSTOK^{[ 17 ]}	黄铜	1 500	0.2	-15,通风和绝缘预先加热一晚,-50 ℃重复测量	1	圆形、1 mm	移动速度: 2 m/min, 冰面宽度: 10 cm
DOME F^{[ 18 , 19 ]}	黄铜	1 250	0.15	-20+/-1	/	2 mm	/
WAIS divide^{[ 20 ]}	/	1 250	1	-14~-15	1	1 mm	/
South pole站^{[ 21 ]}	黄铜	1 000	1	约为-15	0.5	尖端锋利,估计为1~2 mm	去除上端的10 mm进行测量
Siple DOME^{[ 22 ]}	/	1 000	1	/	1	3 mm	/

图2 DEP设备基本结构图 ^{[

26
]}

Fig.2 DEP equipment basic structure ^{[

26
]}

表2 南北两极深冰芯中DEP使用情况及相关参数

Table 2 DEP equipment and related parameters of polar ice cores

冰芯地点	频率	分辨率
Dolleman冰芯^{[ 7 ]}	在20 Hz~300 KHz,静频 60 Hz,主弥散频率75 Hz, 弛豫频率12 Hz	5 cm
GRIP^{[ 11 , 12 ]}	20个,120~300 kHz	2 cm
GRIP(HRDEP)^{[ 28 ]}	50 kHz	5~6 mm
NEEM和 NGIRP^{[ 13 , 26 ]}	250 kHz	2~5 mm
DOME C(EDC 96/99)^{[ 29 ]}	100 kHz	2 cm
DML系列^{[ 17 ]}	250 kHz	5 mm
Dome F^{[ 30 ]}	20 Hz~1 MHz	/
WAIS divide^{[ 20 ]}	使用HRDEP方法,同HRDEP	/

表2 南北两极深冰芯中DEP使用情况及相关参数

Table 2 DEP equipment and related parameters of polar ice cores

冰芯地点	频率	分辨率
Dolleman冰芯^{[ 7 ]}	在20 Hz~300 KHz,静频 60 Hz,主弥散频率75 Hz, 弛豫频率12 Hz	5 cm
GRIP^{[ 11 , 12 ]}	20个,120~300 kHz	2 cm
GRIP(HRDEP)^{[ 28 ]}	50 kHz	5~6 mm
NEEM和 NGIRP^{[ 13 , 26 ]}	250 kHz	2~5 mm
DOME C(EDC 96/99)^{[ 29 ]}	100 kHz	2 cm
DML系列^{[ 17 ]}	250 kHz	5 mm
Dome F^{[ 30 ]}	20 Hz~1 MHz	/
WAIS divide^{[ 20 ]}	使用HRDEP方法,同HRDEP	/

表3 不同条件下冰的电学性质 ^{[

31
]}

Table 3 The electrical properties of ice on different conditions ^{[

31
]}

变量	参数	高频实部介电常数	高频电导
温度/℃	-15	3.15	9.0
温度/℃	-50	3.13	0.2
压力/MPa	0.1	3.15	9.0
压力/MPa	28	/	8.7
密度/(kg/m)	350	1.67	2.2
密度/(kg/m)	917	3.15	9.0
组构	∥c-axis	3.18	9.0
组构	⊥c-axis	3.14	9.0
杂质H⁺/μmol	0	3.15	9.0
杂质H⁺/μmol	4	3.15	25.0

表3 不同条件下冰的电学性质 ^{[

31
]}

Table 3 The electrical properties of ice on different conditions ^{[

31
]}

变量	参数	高频实部介电常数	高频电导
温度/℃	-15	3.15	9.0
温度/℃	-50	3.13	0.2
压力/MPa	0.1	3.15	9.0
压力/MPa	28	/	8.7
密度/(kg/m)	350	1.67	2.2
密度/(kg/m)	917	3.15	9.0
组构	∥c-axis	3.18	9.0
组构	⊥c-axis	3.14	9.0
杂质H⁺/μmol	0	3.15	9.0
杂质H⁺/μmol	4	3.15	25.0

图3 ECM实测结果随温度变化曲线 ^{[

35
]}

Fig.3 ECM change curve with temperature ^{[

35
]}

图4 电镜下的晶间水脉 ^{[

59
]}

Fig.4 Intercrystalline water pulse under the electron microscope ^{[

59
]}

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