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  <strong>40</strong>年来青藏高原典型高寒草原和湿地蒸散发变化的对比分析

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.079

地球科学进展 ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (8): 836 -848. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.079

气候变化及人类活动对地表蒸散发影响上一篇下一篇

近 40年来青藏高原典型高寒草原和湿地蒸散发变化的对比分析

马宁 ^1, ²(

)

^1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室，北京 100101
^2.中国科学院冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730000

收稿日期:2021-03-29 修回日期:2021-05-26 出版日期:2021-08-10
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目“青藏高原典型高寒草原和草甸蒸散发对植被变化的响应研究”(41801047);冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室开放基金项目“暖湿化背景下青藏高原地表蒸散发时空动态过程”(SKLCS-OP-2020-11)

Comparison of Variations in Land Surface Evapotranspiration Between Typical Alpine Steppe and Wetland Ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau over the Last Four Decades

Ning Ma ^1, ²( )

^1.Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes，Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100101，China
^2.State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Lanzhou 730000，China

Received:2021-03-29 Revised:2021-05-26 Online:2021-08-10 Published:2021-09-22
About author:MA Ning (1989-), male, Mengcheng County, Anhui Province, Assistant professor. Research areas include observation and modeling of terrestrial evapotranspiration. E-mail: ma.n2007@aliyun.com
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China "Impact of vegetation changes on the evapotranspiration over the typical alpine steppe and meadow ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau"(41801047);The Open Research Program of State Key Laboratory of State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science "Spatio-temporal variations in land surface evapotranspiration across Tibetan Plateau under the background of warming and wetting"(SKLCS-OP-2020-11)

全文 ( 35 ) 下载PDF ( 1214 )

青藏高原地表蒸散发是决定亚洲水塔水储量变化的关键要素。在快速升温背景下，长时间尺度的青藏高原地表蒸散发如何响应气候变化亟需深入探讨。以青藏高原两种典型高寒生态系统（草原和湿地）为研究对象，以野外观测和互补蒸散发模型为研究手段，利用常规气象资料驱动互补蒸散发模型，应用于青藏高原的典型资料稀缺地区，并就模拟结果进行验证评估，揭示了两种典型高寒生态系统近40年的蒸散发变化特征。结果表明，校正参数后的非线性互补蒸散发模型可较为准确地模拟两种下垫面的蒸散发，亦即该模型在青藏高原资料稀缺区具有较好的应用潜力。1973—2013年，青藏高原典型高寒草原蒸散发呈不显著的增大趋势，而高寒湿地则以2.0 mm/a的速率显著增大。相关分析表明，高寒草原和湿地蒸散发的年际变化主要与水汽压（即空气湿度）有关。阶段性分析发现，1970s至1990s末期，两种生态系统蒸散发皆在波动中逐渐增大；而1997年以后，高寒草原和高寒湿地蒸散发的变化模式表现出明显差异：前者在波动中逐渐减小，后者则持续增大至2000s中期。造成这种差异的原因可归结为高寒湿地受冰川融水的影响，土壤含水量可维持在较高的水平，加之2000s高寒湿地的水汽压和日照时数增大，使得该时段内地表蒸散发仍呈增大之势，亦即上游的冰川融水对下游的湿地蒸散发有重要影响。结果表明，空间距离较近的两种典型高寒生态系统，由于所受水源补给不同，局地蒸散发对气候变化的响应模式可能有较大差异。

关键词: 地表蒸散发, 高寒草原, 高寒湿地, 互补蒸散发, 青藏高原

Land surface evapotranspiration （ET_a） is a key element that determines the terrestrial water storage of the Asian Water Tower. However， the long-term variations in ET_a and its response to the ongoing climate change remain largely unknown. Here， this study used both in-situ observation and complementary relationship-based （CR） modeling technique to investigate the changes in ET_a from typical alpine steppe and alpine wetland on the Tibetan Plateau during the last four decades. The results showed that the CR model was able to accurately simulate ET_a once its parameters could be locally calibrated， suggesting that this model has a great potential for understanding the long-term variations in ET_a over such a sparsely-instrumented but hydrologically-important region. During 1973-2013， both alpine steppe and alpine wetland showed increasing trends in ET_a， but such an increase was only significant for the alpine wetland in which ET_a increased with a rate of 2.0 mm/a. Further correlation analysis suggested that the changes in ET_a over these two ecosystems was primarily controlled by changes in the vapor pressure over the last 40 years. The ET_a consistently increased in both alpine ecosystems before the late 1990s， but their changes in ET_a became contrasting after the late 1990s because ET_a decreased significantly over the alpine steppe but continued to increase over the alpine wetland until the mid-2000s. The main reason for the increase in ET_a at the latter ecosystem was the increase in vapor pressure and sunshine hour during this period. Moreover， the soil moisture of the wetland could be replenished from the glacier melting， which could provide enough water for surface evapotranspiration process. This study shows that while the geographical distance is short， the response of ET_a to climate change in these two alpine ecosystems might differ obviously because of the different hydrological cycle regimes.

Key words: Evapotranspiration, Alpine steppe, Alpine wetland, Complementary relationship, Tibetan Plateau.

中图分类号:

P426.2

图1 双湖观测站地理位置以及拟研究的典型高寒草原（班戈站）和高寒湿地（申扎站）地理位置图
双湖站下垫面为典型高寒草原；班戈站和申扎站为中国气象局气象站，下垫面分别为高寒草原和高寒湿地

Fig. 1 The geographical location of the Shuanghu observation station as well as the typical alpine steppe （Bange） and alpine wetland （Shenzha） ecosystems
The Shuanghu Station is a typical alpine steppe ecosystem， while Bange and Shenzha are two China Meteorological Administration stations with land covers of alpine steppe and alpine wetland， respectively

图2 非线性互补蒸散发模型在高寒草原蒸散发模拟效果的评估

Fig. 2 Evaluation of the effectiveness of non-linear CR model in estimating land evpotranspiration over the alpine steppe ecosystem

图3 非线性互补模型参数扰动后（即参数m和n相对变化±10%~±50%）模拟的高寒草原蒸散发的相对变化

Fig. 3 The relative changes in land evapotranspiration from the alpine steppe with perturbations of the parameter m and n within the ranges of ±10% to ±50% for the Nonlinear-CR model

图4 2003年1月至2012年12月互补蒸散发模型模拟的申扎站高寒湿地蒸散发与WEB-DHM的蒸散发对比

Fig. 4 Comparison of land evapotranspiration of alpine wetland during January 2003-December 2012 between CR and WBE-DHM

图5 2003年1月至2012年12月互补蒸散发模型模拟的班戈站高寒草原蒸散发与GLEAM遥感蒸散发产品的对比

Fig. 5 Comparison of land evapotranspiration of alpine steppe during January 2003-December 2012 between CR and GLEAM

图6 1973—2013年典型高寒草原和高寒湿地的地表蒸散发变化

Fig. 6 Variations in land evapotranspiration of typical alpine steppe and alpine wetland during 1973-2013

图7 典型高寒草原和高寒湿地蒸散发的年代际距平变化

Fig. 7 The decadal anomalies of land evapotranspiration of alpine steppe and alpine wetland

图8 1973—2013年典型高寒草原和高寒湿地（a）年均气温、（b）年降水量、（c）年均水汽压、（d）年均风速和（e）年日照时数的距平变化

Fig. 8 Variations in the anomalies of （a） annual mean air temperature，（b） annual precipitation，（c） annual mean vapor pressure，（d） annual mean wind speed， and （e） annual sunshine hour from typical alpine steppe and alpine wetland during 1973-2013

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