表土磁学特征揭示的青藏高原及其周边地区的气候边界

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.125

地球科学进展 ›› 2022, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (1): 14 -25. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.125

“青促会成立10周年之地球科学领域”专刊上一篇下一篇

表土磁学特征揭示的青藏高原及其周边地区的气候边界

昝金波 ¹ ^, ²(

), 宁文晓 ¹ ^, ², 杨胜利 ³, 方小敏 ¹ ^, ², 康健 ¹ ^, ², 罗元龙 ³

^1.中国科学院青藏高原研究所，青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室，北京 100101
^2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
^3.兰州大学资源环境学院，西部环境教育部重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730000

收稿日期:2021-09-23 修回日期:2021-11-18 出版日期:2022-01-10
基金资助:
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目“粉尘气溶胶及其气候环境效应”(2019QZKK0602);中国科学院青促会优秀会员项目(Y202023)

Magnetic Variations in Surface Soils from the Tibetan Plateau and Its Adjacent Regions： Implications for Delineating the Climatic Boundary

Jinbo ZAN ¹ ^, ²( ), Wenxiao NING ¹ ^, ², Shengli YANG ³, Xiaomin FANG ¹ ^, ², Jian KANG ¹ ^, ², Yuanlong LUO ³

^1.State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resources Environment （TPESRE），Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100101，China
^2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100049，China
^3.Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System （Ministry of Education），College of Earth and Environmental Sciences，Lanzhou University，Lanzhou 730000，China

Received:2021-09-23 Revised:2021-11-18 Online:2022-01-10 Published:2022-01-06
About author:ZAN Jinbo (1982-), male, Linyi City, Shandong Province, Professor. Research areas include eolian deposits and environmental changes. E-mail: zanjb@itpcas.ac.cn
Supported by:
the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) "Dust aerosols and their climatic and environmental effects"(2019QZKK0602);The 2020 Outstanding Members of Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China(Y202023)

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青藏高原及其周边位于东亚季风、印度季风与西风环流系统的交汇地带，是气候变化的敏感区和影响显著区。刻画青藏高原及其邻区降水的空间分布以及干湿气候区边界位置，不仅对深入认识该地区大气环流分布形势具有重要意义，同时还可以进一步加深对欧亚大陆大气环流动力学过程的理解。通过对青藏高原及其周边现代地表沉积岩石磁学参数空间分布特征的综合集成研究，结合300多个气象站点近70年气温和降水数据的详细对比分析，发现降水量是控制青藏高原及其邻区地表土壤磁学性质变化的主要因素，表土磁学性质可以用于揭示高原及其邻区降水的空间分布。已发表及新获取的700余块表土样品成壤相关的磁学参数呈现出显著的空间梯度变化，揭示出北祁连山—横断山以及帕米尔高原—北天山是青藏高原及其周边地区2条重要的成壤强度分界线，其大致分别对应半湿润—半干旱区（400 mm）以及干旱和半干旱区（200 mm）的干湿气候区降水界线。此外，高原北部及其周边多个末次冰期—间冰期以来的风尘沉积剖面磁学参数的空间对比结果，还进一步揭示第四纪冰期时，随着全球变冷，干旱化加剧导致高原北部气候梯度差异显著减小，全球冰量变化可能是控制高原北部气候格局演化的主要因素。

关键词: 青藏高原, 气候梯度, 岩石磁学, 表土, 成壤作用

The Tibetan Plateau （TP） and its adjacent areas are located in the intersection zone of the East Asian and Indian summer monsoons， and the westerly circulation. Characterizing and interpreting the spatial distribution of precipitation and the climatic boundary across the TP are important for understanding the dynamics of atmospheric circulation in this tectonically and climatically sensitive region. Rock magnetic investigations of surface soils have been successfully used to identify the spatial pattern of climatic gradients in the Eurasian continent and North Africa， especially where meteorological stations are sparse. Here we conducted detailed investigations of the magnetic properties of a large set of surface soil samples， combined with the analysis of some 70 years meteorological dataset to characterize the spatial distribution of precipitation in the TP and its adjacent areas. The results demonstrate that pedogenic intensity decreases significantly as moist air flows across the TP towards the interior， which directly demonstrates the effect of the precipitation gradient on pedogenesis. This finding confirms that rock magnetic investigations of surface soils in the TP and its adjacent areas are an effective method for characterizing the precipitation boundary in this vast area. Based on a synthesis of the rock magnetic and meteorological data， we have clearly defined the presence of two distinct boundaries in pedogenic intensity in the northwestern and southeastern TP， i.e.， the Pamir Plateau-the Tianshan Mountains and the Qilian Mountains-the Hengduan Mountains， which correspond to the critical precipitation boundary between sub-humid to semi-arid and arid regions in the TP and its adjacent areas. Moreover， a comparison of several last glacial-interglacial loess sequences in the northeastern TP demonstrates that during the warm and humid interglacial periods， a steepened rainfall gradient occurred， which can be attributed to the ice sheet recession and increasing temperature and moisture cycles. These findings will provide foundation and boundary conditions for future paleoclimatic reconstructions and climate simulations in the Eurasian continent.

Key words: Tibetan Plateau, Climatic gradients, Rock magnetism, Surface soils, Pedogenic processes

中图分类号:

P467

图1 青藏高原及其周边DEM图和地表样品的磁学参数空间分布特征
（a）磁化率（ χ）；（b）频率磁化率（ χ _fd）；（c）频率磁化率百分比（ χ _fd%）；（d）非磁滞剩磁磁化率（ χ _ARM）。其中青藏高原西部、雅江流域以及黄土高原西部表土磁学数据为本研究获取，其余地区表土数据引自参考文献［ 11 - 12 ， 14 - 21 ］

Fig. 1 Physical geography， major patterns of atmospheric circulation in Asia， and spatial variation of the magnetic parameters of surface soil samples from the Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent regions
（a） χ；（b） χ _fd；（c） χ _fd%；（d） χ _ARM. The surface soil samples from the western Tibetan Plateau， the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley and the western Chinese Loess Plateau are collected in this study， and the magnetic data for surface samples in other regions are from references ［11-12， 14-21］

图2 青藏高原及其周边代表性区域地表样品高温（a）和低温（b）磁化率随温度变化曲线图
青藏高原西部以及雅江流域表土样品数据为本研究获取，其余地区数据引自参考文献［ 17 - 19 ］

Fig. 2 Results of high-temperature （a） and low-temperature （b） magnetic measurements of representative surface soil samples from the Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent regions
The surface soil samples from the western Tibetan Plateau and the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley are reported in this study， and the other samples are studied previously in references ［17-19］

图3 青藏高原及其周边代表性区域地表样品一阶反转曲线（FORC）图对比
青藏高原西部以及雅江流域表土样品数据为本研究获取，其余地区数据引自参考文献［ 18 - 19 ］

Fig. 3 FORC diagrams of representative surface soil samples from the Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent regions
The surface soil samples from the western Tibetan Plateau and the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley are reported in this study， and the other samples are from references ［18-19］

图4 气象站点观测数据（1951—2017年）揭示的年降水量（MAP）和年均温（MAT）在青藏高原及其周边地区的空间分布特征及其与表土磁学参数结果的对比（据参考文献［ 19 ］修改）
虚线为半湿润区—半干旱区（400 mm）以及干旱—半干旱区（200 mm）的降水界线，气温和降水的空间插值数据时间跨度为2000—2018年 ^{［

31
］}

Fig. 4 Spatial variations in Mean Annual Precipitation （MAP） and Mean Annual Temperature （MAT） across the TP and the adjacent regions， and their comparison with the magnetic parameter of χ_fd of surface soils from 1951 to 2017 （modified after reference ［ 19 ］）
The dashed lines in the northwestern and southeastern TP represent the precipitation boundaries of 200 and 400 mm， respectively. The interpolated temperature and precipitation dataset span from 2000 to 2018 ^{［

31
］}

图5 横断山脉地区年降水量、年均温以及表土频率磁化率随海拔的垂直变化^{［

19
］}

Fig. 5 Altitudinal variations of Mean Annual Precipitation （MAP） and Mean Annual Temperature （MAT） in the Hengduan Mountain area， and their comparison with the magnetic parameter of χ_fd of surface soils ^{［

19
］}

图6 青藏高原北缘及其邻区季风区（a）和西风区（b）典型末次冰期—间冰期黄土剖面磁学参数对比揭示的降水空间梯度变化^{［

17
］}（数据引自参考文献［ 27 ， 34 - 39 ］）
季风区黄土剖面近似西—东向排列

Fig. 6 Comparison of χ and χ_fd records of representative loess-paleosol sequences during the last glacial-interglacial cycle in the East Asian summer monsoon-controlled （a） and westerlies-influenced areas （b） ^{［

17
］}（the data are from references ［27， 34-39］）
Note that the loess profiles in the monsoon regions are approximately west-east aligned

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