深水珊瑚的食物及其地球化学意义

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.12.1234

深水珊瑚生存在黑暗的冷水环境中，为其提供能量和营养的食物源于哪里，是一个关键的生态学和生物地球化学问题。目前的主流认识是珊瑚的食物主要来自于表层海水生产的沉降有机质，但越来越多的研究发现它们能够通过与多种化能自养和异养微生物共生来获得食物供给。深水珊瑚的碳、氮同位素可用来示踪和揭示珊瑚的食物来源，也可用于重建古海洋初级生产者构成和表层海水硝酸盐同位素的变化，成为古海洋生物地球化学研究的宝贵材料。但由于与微生物共生现象的广泛存在，运用深水珊瑚有机碳、氮同位素来反映表层海洋环境变化的可靠性还有待进一步验证。南海近年来发现的深水柳珊瑚林，在国际上仍属认识相对匮乏的新领域，对其开展生物化学基础和古海洋学重建研究，能够为了解深水珊瑚系统提供新的见解。

关键词: 深水珊瑚, 食物来源, 共生微生物, 碳同位素, 氮同位素

Deep-sea corals live in the dark cold-water environments, the food of which that provides them with energy and nutrition is a key ecological and biogeochemical problem. Currently, the most common understanding is that their food mainly comes from organic matter produced by and deposited from surface seawater. However, more and more studies have found that they can also obtain food supply through symbiosis with a variety of chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes have been used to trace and reveal the food sources of deep-sea corals. They also have been successfully used to reconstruct the phytoplankton community structure and the changes of nitrate isotopes in surface seawater in the past, thus providing valuable biogeochemical data for paleoceanographic study. However, due to the widespread existence of symbiosis with chemosynthetic autotrophs, further studies are needed to assess the reliability of organic carbon and nitrogen isotopes of deep-sea corals to reflect changes in the surface seawater. The deep-sea gorgonian coral, like those gorgonian forests recently found in the South China Sea, is relatively new and insufficiently studied in the field of deep-sea corals. Thus, basic biochemical and paleoceanographic researches on the South China Sea deep-water gorgonians will provide profound and novel insights to understanding the cold-water coral system.

Key words: Deep-water coral, Food source, Symbiotic microorganisms, Carbon isotope, Nitrogen isotope

中图分类号:

P736.4

图1 L. pertusa通过黏膜网捕食浮游动物^{[

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（a），（b）利用黏膜网捕获浮游动物；（c）~（e）将黏膜网拉向进食口盘；（f）进食结束，黏膜消失;黑色的点代表浮游动物

Fig. 1 L. pertusa feeds on zooplankton through a mucosal net^{[

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（a），（b） Production of mucus net and trapping of plankton; （c）~（e） Pulling in of mucus net towards oral disc; （f） Absence of mucus net after consumption. The black dots represent visible plankton

图2 柳珊瑚中发现的与N循环相关的共生菌群^{[

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Fig. 2 Symbiotic bacteria associated with N cycle found in Gorgonian coral^{[

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图3 深水珊瑚碳同位素在蒙特里湾（Monterey Bay）的古海洋应用^{[

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（a）深水竹珊瑚必需氨基酸碳同位素重建的输出初级生产者碳同位素(δ ¹³C _RPP)；（b）深水竹珊瑚总碳δ ¹³C记录

Fig. 3 Deep-water coral carbon isotope in paleoceanography applications in Monterey Bay^{[

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（a） A record of essential amino acid δ ¹³C reconstructed primary production(δ ¹³C _RPP) for Isidella coral；（b） Bulk δ ¹³C record for the Isidella coral

图4 夏威夷深水金珊瑚（Kulamanamana haumeaae）总碳δ¹³C（a）和必需氨基酸——苯丙氨酸δ¹³C（b）记录的中世纪气候异常以来的气候变化^{[

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Fig. 4 Climatic changes since the medieval climate anomaly recorded by Hawaiian deep-water gold coral (Kulamanamana haumeaae）bulk carbon δ¹³C (a) and essential amino acid phenylalanine δ¹³C (b)^{[

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图5 深水软珊瑚（Octocorallia） δ¹⁵N的古海洋记录
（a）北大西洋深水柳珊瑚记录的百年尺度硝酸盐的变化 ^{[

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]}；（b）夏威夷深水金珊瑚记录的小冰期以来初级生产者固氮量增加与温度和粉尘的关系 ^{[

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Fig. 5 Paleoceanography records of δ¹⁵N in deep-water soft coral （Octocorallia）
（a） Centennial scale nitrate changes recorded by Gorgonian in the North Atlantic ^{[

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]};（b） The relationship between the increase in nitrogen fixation by primary producers and the temperature and dust since the Little Ice Age recorded in the deep-water gold corals in Hawaii ^{[

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The Geochemical Significance of Deep-water Coral and Their Food Source