干旱区内流河流域长时间尺度水循环重建与模拟——以石羊河流域为例

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.07.0731

地球科学进展 ›› 2017, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (7): 731 -743. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.07.0731

李育(

), 刘媛

兰州大学西部环境教育部重点实验室,兰州大学资源环境学院,兰州大学干旱区水循环与水资源研究中心,甘肃兰州 730000

收稿日期:2017-03-15 修回日期:2017-06-25 出版日期:2017-07-20
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目“石羊河流域千年尺度垂直地带性规律与定量重建模型构建”(编号:41571178)和“风成沉积环境与水循环对流域性千年尺度气候变化的响应——以石羊河流域为例”(编号:41371009)资助

Long-term Reconstructions and Simulations of the Hydrological Cycle in the Inland Rivers, Arid China: A Case Study of the Shiyang River Drainage Basin

Yu Li( ), Yuan Liu

Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Hydrologic Cycle and Water Resources in Arid Region,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China

Received:2017-03-15 Revised:2017-06-25 Online:2017-07-20 Published:2017-07-20
About author:
First author:Li Yu(1981-), male, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Professor. Reserch area include paleoclimate change.E-mail:liyu@lzu.edu.cn
Supported by:
Foundation Item:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Construction of millennium scale vertical zonality laws and quantitative reconstruction model in the Shiyang River drainage basin”(No.41571178) and “The response of aeolian sediments environment and hydrologic cycle to millennial-scale climate change of basin: A case study of the Shiyang River drainage basin”(No.41371009)

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干旱区内流河流域水循环是干旱区古气候研究的热点,前人做了大量研究,但大部分研究主要利用气候代用指标重建古气候与古环境演化规律,长时间尺度模拟与重建对比研究较少。以石羊河流域为研究对象,在石羊河流域古环境记录基础上结合古气候模拟、全新世古季风模拟、湖泊能量与水量平衡模拟,古降水量和古径流量定量重建等方法,系统地模拟重建全新世时期石羊河流域水循环。可以看出模拟结果与重建结果具有很好的一致性,均指示中全新世是全新世“气候适宜期”。为干旱区流域性气候变化重建与模拟研究提供了新的视角。

关键词: 干旱区, 内流河流域, 水循环, 石羊河流域, 重建与模拟

Hydrological cycles of inland rivers are highlighted in paleoclimate studies of arid regions. A great number of studies have been published in this regard, but most of the studies have mainly used climate proxies to reconstruct the evolution of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment, and there have been little long-term simulation and reconstruction experiments. Concerning this issue, we systematically carried out the long-term reconstruction and simulation experiments of hydrological cycle based on paleoenvironment records of the Shiyang River drainage basin with a lot of methods such as paleoclimate simulations, the Holocene monsoon simulations, lake water and energy balance model and quantitative reconstruction of paleo-precipitation and paleo-runoff. The results showed that the simulation results had a good consistency with the reconstruction results, indicating that mid-Holocene was “climatic optimum” in the Holocene. This research provided a new perspective for reconstruction and simulation studies of climate change in arid areas.

Key words: Arid regions, Inland drainage basins, Hydrological cycle, Shiyang River drainage basin, Reconstruction and simulation.

中图分类号:

P339

图1 石羊河流域上游、中游、下游不同地貌单元环境记录分布图

Fig.1 The locations of HYH, JDT and QTH records in the Shiyang River drainage basin

表1 CCSM3.0气候模型早、中晚全新世的模拟边界值

Table 1 Boundary conditions used for CCSM3.0 model experiments at 8.5 ka, 6 ka and PI

	8.5 ka	6 ka	PI
近日点经度/°	319.5	0.87	102.04
倾角/°	24.22	24.1	23.45
CH₄/(μg/L)	660	650	760
CO₂/(mg/L)	260	280	280
N₂O/(μg/L)	260	270	270
大陆冰川/ka	8.5^{[ 40 ]}	0^{[ 40 ]}	0^{[ 40 ]}
离心率	0.019199	0.018682	0.016724
植被覆盖	同现代	同现代	同现代

表1 CCSM3.0气候模型早、中晚全新世的模拟边界值

Table 1 Boundary conditions used for CCSM3.0 model experiments at 8.5 ka, 6 ka and PI

	8.5 ka	6 ka	PI
近日点经度/°	319.5	0.87	102.04
倾角/°	24.22	24.1	23.45
CH₄/(μg/L)	660	650	760
CO₂/(mg/L)	260	280	280
N₂O/(μg/L)	260	270	270
大陆冰川/ka	8.5^{[ 40 ]}	0^{[ 40 ]}	0^{[ 40 ]}
离心率	0.019199	0.018682	0.016724
植被覆盖	同现代	同现代	同现代

表2 石羊河流域水陆面积与陆面面积分布

Table 2 The land surface area and water surface area of Shiyang River drainage area

古湖泊岸堤	岸堤高程 /m	年龄	测年方法	湖泊面积 /km²	河流面积 /km²	陆地面积/km²		参考文献
古湖泊岸堤	岸堤高程 /m	年龄	测年方法	湖泊面积 /km²	河流面积 /km²	上游面积		下游面积
D1	1 308	6 100 (5 700~6 500 a BP)	OSL	628	15	1 398	39 273	[17]
D2		6 500 (6 100~6 600 a BP)						[17]
D3		6 333 (6 279~6 404 a BP)	校准¹⁴C 年龄					[28]
D4		6 810 (6 534~7 156 a BP)	(2σ)					[28]

表2 石羊河流域水陆面积与陆面面积分布

Table 2 The land surface area and water surface area of Shiyang River drainage area

古湖泊岸堤	岸堤高程 /m	年龄	测年方法	湖泊面积 /km²	河流面积 /km²	陆地面积/km²		参考文献
古湖泊岸堤	岸堤高程 /m	年龄	测年方法	湖泊面积 /km²	河流面积 /km²	上游面积		下游面积
D1	1 308	6 100 (5 700~6 500 a BP)	OSL	628	15	1 398	39 273	[17]
D2		6 500 (6 100~6 600 a BP)						[17]
D3		6 333 (6 279~6 404 a BP)	校准¹⁴C 年龄					[28]
D4		6 810 (6 534~7 156 a BP)	(2σ)					[28]

图2 石羊河终闾湖全新世面

Fig.2 The terminal lake scope of Shiyang River drainage area during the Holocene

表3 全新世期间所有古气候参数

Table 3 The paleoclimate parameters of Shiyang River drainage area during the Holocene

气候参数	符号	全新世
		湖面	陆地
		湖面	上游	下游
天文辐射/(W/m²)	G	328	328	328
地表相对辐射率	ε	0.96	0.95	0.95
地表反射率	α	0.06~0.08	0.12	0.2
Angstrom 系数	A	0.2	0.21	0.22
温度/K	T	284.8	279.7	282.8
云量覆盖率	C	0.46	0.57	0.46
波恩比	B₁ B₂	-0.377 -0.353	0.5 0.5	3 3
水汽压/mb	e	7.8	4.2	5.8

表3 全新世期间所有古气候参数

Table 3 The paleoclimate parameters of Shiyang River drainage area during the Holocene

气候参数	符号	全新世
		湖面	陆地
		湖面	上游	下游
天文辐射/(W/m²)	G	328	328	328
地表相对辐射率	ε	0.96	0.95	0.95
地表反射率	α	0.06~0.08	0.12	0.2
Angstrom 系数	A	0.2	0.21	0.22
温度/K	T	284.8	279.7	282.8
云量覆盖率	C	0.46	0.57	0.46
波恩比	B₁ B₂	-0.377 -0.353	0.5 0.5	3 3
水汽压/mb	e	7.8	4.2	5.8

图3 HYHa,HYHb,JDT和QTH01,QTH02剖面岩性和校正后的 ¹⁴C 年代结果(cal a BP)

Fig.3 Lithology and the calibrated ¹⁴C dates (cal a BP) for the HYHa,HYHb,JDT和QTH01,QTH02 sections

图4 石羊河流域上游、中游、下游剖面地球化学指标数据示意图
(a),(b) ^{[

13
]},(c)分别为上游、中游、下游剖面

Fig.4 Geochemical proxies for upstream、middle stream and downstream sections in the Shiyang River drainage basin
(a), (b) ^{[

13
]} and (c) indicate upstream section,middle stream section and downstream section, respectively

图5 TRACE模型模拟的东亚中全新世(6 ka)和晚全新世(1 ka)间降水加权的夏季(JJA) δ ¹⁸O值分布差异(a) ^{[

7
]}以及CCSM3.0系统模拟的中全新世(6 ka)和晚全新世(1 ka)间降水差异(b)

Fig.5 The precipitation weighted summer (JJA) δ ¹⁸O distribution difference between 6 ka and 1 ka in East Asia in TRACE model(a) ^{[

7
]}and precipitation difference(cm) between 6 ka and 1 ka in East Asia in CCSM3.0(b)

图6 PMIP3模型耦合模拟的中全新世(6~0 ka)夏季(JJA)降水(%)(a)和850 hPa经向风(m/s)对轨道驱动力的响应(b) ^{[

7
,

46
]}

Fig.6 The ensemble mean of the PMIP3 models with equal weight indicating changes of summer precipitation (%) (6~0 ka) (a) and 850 hPa meridional wind (m/s) of JJA (6~0 ka) (b) in response to orbital forcing in the mid-Holocene ^{[

7
,

46
]}

图7 湖泊能量与水量平衡模型模拟的全新世以来湖泊水位高低变化及其原因
深橘色代表降水和表面蒸发共同引起的湖泊水位下降,橘色代表湖泊表面蒸发量增加引起的湖泊水位下降,黄色分别代表降水减少引起的湖泊水位下降;深蓝色代表降水和表面蒸发共同引起的湖泊水位上升,蓝色代表湖泊表面蒸发量降低引起的湖泊水位上升,浅蓝色代表降水增加引起的湖泊水位上升

Fig.7 The results and reasons of lake-level changes based on the lake water & energy balance model since the Holocene
The dark orange, orange, light orange mean the decreased lake level caused by the combined effects of decreased precipitation and lake increased evaporation, increased lake evaporation, decreased precipitation, respectively; the dark blue, blue, light blue mean the increased lake level caused by the combined effects of increased precipitation and decreased lake evaporation, decreased lake evaporation, and increased precipitation, respectively; the white color of grid cells means no lake level change

表4 全新世时期石羊河流域古降水与古径流

Table 4 Paleoprecipitation and runoff of the Shiyang River drainage area during the Holocene

古参数	符号	中全新世
降水/mm	P	248.325~250.576
径流/mm	R	10.206×10⁸~11.123×10⁸

表4 全新世时期石羊河流域古降水与古径流

Table 4 Paleoprecipitation and runoff of the Shiyang River drainage area during the Holocene

古参数	符号	中全新世
降水/mm	P	248.325~250.576
径流/mm	R	10.206×10⁸~11.123×10⁸

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