降水观测误差修正研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.07.0723

地球科学进展 ›› 2017, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (7): 723 -730. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.07.0723

降水观测误差修正研究进展

张乐乐 ^1, ²(

), 高黎明 ^1, ², 赵林 ³, 乔永平 ³, 史健宗 ³

1.青海师范大学生命与地理科学学院,青海西宁 810008
2.青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室,青海西宁 810008
3. 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院青藏高原冰冻圈观测研究站/冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730000

收稿日期:2017-03-19 修回日期:2017-06-26 出版日期:2017-07-20
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“青藏高原腹地雨量筒降水观测误差的修正”(编号:41705139);青海省基础研究计划项目“青海湖流域植被退化的生态水文效应研究”(编号:2017-ZJ-951Q)资助

Review on Correction of Errors in Precipitation Measurement

Lele Zhang ^1, ²( ), Liming Gao ^1, ², Lin Zhao ³, Yongping Qiao ³, Jianzong Shi ³

1.School of Life Science and Geography, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
2.Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Phyical Geography and Environmental Process, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
3.Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

Received:2017-03-19 Revised:2017-06-26 Online:2017-07-20 Published:2017-07-20
About author:
First author:Zhang Lele(1986-), male, Xin’an City, He’nan Province, Lecturer. Research areas include hydrology and surface processes in cold regions.E-mail:zhang1986lele@163. Com
Supported by:
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Bias correction of precipitation measured by rain gauges in the interior Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau”(No.41705139);Basic Research Project of Qinghai Province “Ecological and hydrological effects of vegetation degradation in Qinghai Lake Basin” (No.2017-ZJ-951Q)

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获取准确的降水量是研究气候变化以及水文循环的基础,国内外学者针对雨量筒降水量捕捉率不足的问题做了大量工作。对近几十年来国内外降水量对比观测及雨量筒降水量修正方面的研究进行综述,认为目前对液态降水修正方案较为成熟,但是对固态降水尚未形成一个统一的修正标准。主要原因在于目前的降水量修正方案缺少对降水微过程的考虑。充分考虑降水微过程是给出包含物理意义降水量修正方案的关键。另外,更为细致的降水类型判定方案以及对微量降水事件的记录也是确定降水修正方案需要重点解决的问题。

关键词: 雨量筒, 降水类型, 动力损失, 降水量修正

Accurate precipitation is the basis for better understanding the climate change and water cycle process. The domestic and foreign scholars have done a great deal of work for the insufficient catch rate of rain gauges. A review of recent studies on correction of errors in precipitation measurement was given in this paper. It is considered that the correction scheme for liquid precipitation is mature at present, but there is not a uniform standard for solid precipitation correction. The main reason is that the current precipitation correction schemes are lack of consideration of precipitation micro process. The full consideration of the precipitation micro process is the key to the correction of precipitation with physical significance. In addition, more detailed precipitation type determination and the record of light precipitation events are also key problems to determine the precipitation correction scheme.

Key words: Rain gauge, Precipitation type, Precipitation dynamic loss, Precipitation correction.

中图分类号:

P332.1

表1 不同雨量筒降水观测误差修正方案

Table 1 Correction scheme of rainfall observation error for different rain gauges

雨量筒	防风圈	修正方案			参考文献
雨量筒	防风圈	固态		混合态	液态
Geonor	有	CE=exp(-0.2WS)	-	-	[45]
Geonor	有	CE=1.01exp(-0.09WS)	-	-	[46]
NWS 8-inch	无	CE=exp(4.606-0.157WS^1.28)	CE=100.77-8.34WS	CE=exp(4.605-0.062WS^0.58)	[47]
NWS 8-inch	有	CE=exp(4.606-0.036WS^1.75)	CE=101.04-5.62WS	CE=exp(4.606-0.041WS^0.69)	[47]
NWS 8-inch	有	CE=102.421+12.847WS-6.125T_mean	CE=107.73+6.013WS-7.802T_mean	-	[48]
Tretyakov	有	CE=101.9-10.3WS	CE=100.4-6.7WS	-	[49]
Tretyakov	有	CE=103.1-8.67WS+0.3T_max	CE=96.99-4.46WS+0.88T_max+0.22T_min	CE=100-4.77WS^0.56	[50]
Hellmann	无	CE=100-11.95WS+0.55WS²	CE=100-8.16WS+0.45WS²	CE=100-4.37WS+0.35WS²	[51]
Hellmann	无	CE=100-19.45WS+1.13WS²	CE=96.63-0.98WS+0.41WS²-7.802T_mean	-	[52]
Nipher	有	CE=100-1.98WS-0.44WS²	CE=97.29-3.18WS+0.58T_max-0.67T_min	-	[52]

表1 不同雨量筒降水观测误差修正方案

Table 1 Correction scheme of rainfall observation error for different rain gauges

雨量筒	防风圈	修正方案			参考文献
雨量筒	防风圈	固态		混合态	液态
Geonor	有	CE=exp(-0.2WS)	-	-	[45]
Geonor	有	CE=1.01exp(-0.09WS)	-	-	[46]
NWS 8-inch	无	CE=exp(4.606-0.157WS^1.28)	CE=100.77-8.34WS	CE=exp(4.605-0.062WS^0.58)	[47]
NWS 8-inch	有	CE=exp(4.606-0.036WS^1.75)	CE=101.04-5.62WS	CE=exp(4.606-0.041WS^0.69)	[47]
NWS 8-inch	有	CE=102.421+12.847WS-6.125T_mean	CE=107.73+6.013WS-7.802T_mean	-	[48]
Tretyakov	有	CE=101.9-10.3WS	CE=100.4-6.7WS	-	[49]
Tretyakov	有	CE=103.1-8.67WS+0.3T_max	CE=96.99-4.46WS+0.88T_max+0.22T_min	CE=100-4.77WS^0.56	[50]
Hellmann	无	CE=100-11.95WS+0.55WS²	CE=100-8.16WS+0.45WS²	CE=100-4.37WS+0.35WS²	[51]
Hellmann	无	CE=100-19.45WS+1.13WS²	CE=96.63-0.98WS+0.41WS²-7.802T_mean	-	[52]
Nipher	有	CE=100-1.98WS-0.44WS²	CE=97.29-3.18WS+0.58T_max-0.67T_min	-	[52]

图1 2种Geonor T-200B固态降水量修正方案的差异性

Fig.1 The difference of two kinds of Geonor T-200B solid precipitation correction schemes

图2 不同风速下Geonor T-200B雨量筒对降水事件的记录情况

Fig.2 Precipitation threshold that can be detected by the Geonor T-200B under different wind conditions

表2 2012年北麓河地区不同强度降水发生的概率

Table 2 Probability of occurrence of different intensity precipitation in 2012

	总降水天数	日降水量 <1 mm的概率	日降水量 <0.5 mm的概率	日降水量 <0.1 mm的概率
年	223	55%	44%	25%
冷季	98	80%	68%	45%
暖季	125	35%	25%	10%

表2 2012年北麓河地区不同强度降水发生的概率

Table 2 Probability of occurrence of different intensity precipitation in 2012

	总降水天数	日降水量 <1 mm的概率	日降水量 <0.5 mm的概率	日降水量 <0.1 mm的概率
年	223	55%	44%	25%
冷季	98	80%	68%	45%
暖季	125	35%	25%	10%

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