地球科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (8): 826 -841. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.08.0826

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

全球干旱区分布特征及成因机制研究进展
闫昕旸 1, 2, 3( ),张强 2, 3( ),闫晓敏 1( ),王胜 2,任雪塬 2, 3,赵福年 2   
  1. 1. 甘肃省气象服务中心,甘肃 兰州 730020
    2. 中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所/甘肃省干旱气候变化 与减灾重点实验室/中国气象局干旱气候变化与减灾重点开放实验室,甘肃 兰州 730020
    3. 兰州大学 大气科学学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 收稿日期:2019-04-30 修回日期:2019-07-16 出版日期:2019-08-10
  • 通讯作者: 张强 E-mail:yxy.qx@qq.com;zhangqiang@cma.gov.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目“我国典型夏季风影响过渡区陆—气相互作用及其对夏季风响应的研究”(41630426);“非降水性水分观测及其对陆面水分的贡献”(41875022)

An Overview of Distribution Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms in Global Arid Areas

Xinyang Yan 1, 2, 3( ),Qiang Zhang 2, 3( ),Xiaomin Yan 1( ),Sheng Wang 2,Xueyuan Ren 2, 3,Funian Zhao 2   

  1. 1. Meteorological Service Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China
    2. Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province,Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China
    3. College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • Received:2019-04-30 Revised:2019-07-16 Online:2019-08-10 Published:2019-10-11
  • Contact: Qiang Zhang E-mail:yxy.qx@qq.com;zhangqiang@cma.gov.cn
  • About author:Yan Xinyang (1990-), male, Minqin County, Gansu Province, Engineer. Research areas include arid climate. E-mail: yxy.qx@qq.com |Yan Xinyang (1990-), male, Minqin County, Gansu Province, Engineer. Research areas include arid climate. E-mail: yxy.qx@qq.com
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Study on interaction between land-atmosphere over Typical Summer Monsoon Edgy region and its response to summer monsoon characteristics” (No. 41630426) and “Non-precipitation water observation and its contribution to land surface moisture”(41875022)

干旱区生态环境极其脆弱,对气候响应极其敏感,继续开展该区域气候及其影响机制研究,对于更深入地认识干旱区气候成因,进而更好地做出干旱区气候预测具有重要的科学意义。从干旱区划分、干旱区气候成因及其变化等几个方面归纳和总结了近几十年来国内外部分研究进展:目前较准确的干旱区划分方法是干旱指数法,可将全球划分为八大干旱区;干旱区气候形成是多个因素共同影响的结果,共有Hadley环流、大地形、陆气相互作用、沙尘气溶胶、海气相互作用、全球变暖等六大类影响因素;各大干旱区干湿差异明显,北非、中蒙等干旱区干旱化趋势严重,而美国中西部干旱区呈湿润化趋势。目前仍存在一些亟待解决的科学问题:各干旱区对全球增温的响应差异性较大,干旱区气候预测既是重点又是难点;青藏高原隆升对中蒙旱区影响巨大,目前这方面的数值模式分辨率不够高,边界条件不够精确,需进一步完善;各干旱区气候成因及其不同干湿变化趋势的原因,目前没有公认的定论,尚不能定量区分各影响因素对干旱区气候演变过程中的相对贡献及其响应过程。

The ecological environment in arid areas is extremely fragile and especially sensitive to climate response. Continuous research on the climate and its impact mechanism in the arid zones is of great scientific significance for deeper understanding of the cause of climatic formation and better prediction of climate in arid regions. Some research progresses in recent decades both at home and abroad have been overviewed, including the distribution of arid areas, the causes of arid area climatic formation and arid area climate change. Studies have shown that AI index is an effective criterion for dividing arid areas. There are 8 major arid areas in the world; climatic formation in arid areas is the result of multiple factors; there are 6 kinds of influencing factors, such as Hadley Cell, land-air interaction and so on; the unlikely trend between dry and wet is obvious in arid areas, and some regions are facing more severe drought trends such as North Africa and China-Mongolia, while others show a trend of wetting such as the Midwest of the United States. At present, there are still some scientific problems to be solved urgently:The response of various arid regions to global warming is quite different, and climate prediction in these zones is both important and difficult; the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a tremendous impact on the arid area of China-Mongolia, but the models of this field are not perfect enough; there are no accepted conclusions about the causes of climatic formation in different arid regions and the causes of their different wet and dry trends. At present, it is still impossible to quantitatively distinguish the relative contributions of various influencing factors in the climate evolution of drylands and their response processes.

中图分类号: 

图1 全球九大干旱半干旱区分布[ 15 ]
Fig.1 The definition of nine arid and semi-arid regions in the world [ 15 ]
图2 全球干旱半干旱区分布图[ 16 ]
Fig.2 The distribution of global arid and semi-arid areas [ 16 ]
图3 沙尘气溶胶对干旱半干旱区气候的直接效应、间接效应、半直接效应[ 77 ]
Fig.3 Direct, indirect and semi-direct effects of dust aerosols in arid and semi-arid regions [ 77 ]
表1 八大旱区与六大类影响因素对应关系
Table 1 The corresponding relations between eight drylands and six factors
表2 4个典型干旱半干旱区区域平均年降水量趋势及年代际干湿振荡的时间统计 [ 137 ]
Table 2 Statistics of long-term trend and multi-decadal wet and dry oscillation of regional mean annual precipitation over four typical arid and semi-arid areas [ 137 ]
图4 RCP4.5情况下23CMIP3a)、14CMIP5b)、40CMIP5c)模式模拟的20702099年相对于19701999年的降水量变化百分率[ 136 ]
Fig.4 Percentage change in annual precipitation for 2070-2099 relative to 1970-1999 under RCP4.5 scenario from 23 CMIP3 models (a), 14 (b) and 40 (c) CMIP5 models [ 136 ]
1 Zhang Qiang , Zhang Liang , Cui Xiancheng , et al . Progresses and challenges in drought assessment and monitoring [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2011,26(7):763-778.
张强,张良,崔显成,等 .干旱监测与评价技术的发展及其科学挑战[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(7):763-778.
2 Qin Dahe , Ding Yihui , Wang Shaowu , et al . Ecological and environmental change in west China and its response strategy [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2002,17(3):314-319.
秦大河,丁一汇,王绍武,等 .中国西部生态环境变化与对策建议[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(3):314-319.
3 Sun Shao , Li Duo , Wang Zunya , et al . Global major weather and climate events in 2018 and the possible causes [J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2019, 45(4): 533-542.
孙劭,李多,王遵娅,等 .2018年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因[J].气象,2019,45(4):533-542.
4 McGrath G S , Sadler R , Fleming K , et al . Tropical cyclones and the ecohydrology of Australia’s recent continental-scale drought [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(3). DOI: 10.1029/2011gl050263 .
doi: 10.1029/2011gl050263    
5 Zhang Qiang , Wang Jinsong , Yao Yubi , et al . Drought Disaster Risk and Its Management [M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2017.
张强,王劲松,姚玉壁,等 .干旱灾害风险及其管理[M].北京:气象出版社,2017.
6 Qian Zheng’an , Song Minhong , Wu Tongwen , et al . Review of advances in world arid climate research (Ⅰ): Development and contribution of some main dryland countries and the UN [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2017, 36(6): 1 433-1 456.
钱正安,宋敏红,吴统文,等 .世界干旱气候研究动态及进展综述(Ⅰ):若干主要干旱区国家的研究动态及联合国的贡献[J].高原气象,2017,36(6):1 433-1 456.
7 Zhang Q , Han L , Jia J , et al . Management of drought risk under global warming [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2015, 125(1/2):187-196.
8 IPCC . Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013: 95-123.
9 Huang J , Guan X , Ji F . Enhanced cold-season warming in semi-arid regions [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12(12): 5 391-5 398.
10 Tang Maocang , Jiang Hao , Liu Yanxiang , et al . Cause analysis of arid region formation on the world [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2002,22(1):1-5.
汤懋苍,江灏,柳艳香,等 .全球各类旱区的成因分析[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(1):1-5.
11 Li Xinzhou , Liu Xiaodong , Ma Zhuguo . Analysis on the drought characteristics in the main arid regions in the world since recent hundred-odd years [J]. Arid Zone Research, 2004,21(2):97-103.
李新周,刘晓东,马柱国 .近百年来全球主要干旱区的干旱化特征分析[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(2):97-103.
12 Qian Zheng’an , Wu Tongwen , Song Minhong , et al . Arid disaster and advances in arid climate researches over Northwest China [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2001,16(1):28-38.
钱正安,吴统文,宋敏红,等 .干旱灾害和我国西北干旱气候的研究进展及问题[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(1):28-38.
13 Qian Zheng’an , Song Minhong , Wu Tongwen , et al . Review of advances in world dryland climate research(Ⅱ):Main investigation progress [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2017,36 (6):1 457-1 476.
钱正安,宋敏红,吴统文,等 .世界干旱气候研究动态及进展综述(Ⅱ):主要研究进展[J].高原气象,2017,36(6):1 457-1 476.
14 Jensen M E , Burman R D , Allen R G . Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements[R]. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practices No.70. New York: American Society-civil Engrs, 1990.
15 Hulme M . Recent climatic change in the world's drylands [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1996, 23(1):61-64.
16 Qian Zheng’an , Song Minhong , Li Wanyuan , et al . Global, China-Mongolia arid-and semiarid-areas (CMASA) and the details of precipitation distribution in part regions of CMASA [J]. Plateau Meteorology,2011,30(1):1-12.
钱正安,宋敏红,李万源,等 .全球、中蒙干旱区及其部分地区降水分布细节[J].高原气象,2011,30(1):1-12.
17 Zhu Qian'gen , Lin Jinrui , Shou Shaowen , et al . Synoptic Principles and Methods [M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2000.
朱乾根,林锦瑞,寿绍文,等 .天气学原理和方法[M].北京:气象出版社,2000.
18 Fu Q , Johanson C M , Wallace J M , et al . Enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming in satellite measurements [J]. Science, 2006, 312(5 777): 1 179-1 179.
19 Lau W K M , Kim K M . Robust Hadley Circulation changes and increasing global dryness due to CO2 warming from CMIP5 model projections[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015, 112(12): 3 630-3 635.
20 Lu J , Vecchi G A , Reichler T . Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, 34(6). DOI: 10.1029/2006gl028443 .
doi: 10.1029/2006gl028443    
21 Zhou Botao , Wang Huijun . Interannual and interdecadal variations of the Hadley Circulation and its connection with tropical sea surface temperature [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2006,49(5):1 271-1 278.
周波涛,王会军 .Hadley环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与热带海温的关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5):1 271-1 278.
22 Zhou Botao . Multi-model projection of the interannual relationship between spring Hadley circulation and East Asian summer circulation under global warning [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2012,55(11):3 517-3 526.
周波涛 .全球变暖背景下春季Hadley环流与东亚夏季风环流年际对应关系的多模式预估[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(11):3 517-3 526.
23 Hu Y , Fu Q . Observed poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation since 1979 [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, 7(19): 5 229-5 236.
24 Hu Y , Tao L , Liu J . Poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation in CMIP5 simulations [J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2013, 30(3): 790-795.
25 Nguyen H , Lucas C , Evans A , et al . Expansion of the southern hemisphere hadley cell in response to greenhouse gas forcing [J]. Journal of Climate, 2015, 28(20): 8 067-8 077.
26 Garfinkel C I , Waugh D W , Polvani L M . Recent Hadley cell expansion: The role of internal atmospheric variability in reconciling modeled and observed trends [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2015, 42(24): 10 824-10 831.
27 Polvani L M , Waugh D W , Correa G J P , et al . Stratospheric ozone depletion: The main driver of twentieth-century atmospheric circulation changes in the southern hemisphere [J]. Journal of Climate, 2011, 24(3): 795-812.
28 Johanson C M , Fu Q . Hadley Cell widening: Model simulations versus observations [J]. Journal of Climate, 2009, 22(10): 2 713-2 725.
29 Zhang Qiong , Qian Zheng’an , Chen Minlian . The further study about South Asian High in summer Ⅰ: Statistic analyses of relationship between it and precipitation distribution over Northwest China [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 1997,16(1):53-63.
张琼,钱正安,陈敏连 .关于夏季南亚高压的进一步研究Ⅰ:与我国西北地区降水关系的统计分析[J].高原气象,1997,16(1):53-63.
30 Wei Wei , Zhang Renhe , Wen Min . Meridional variation of South Asian High and its relationship with the summer precipitation over China [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2012,23(6):650-659.
魏维,张人禾,温敏 .南亚高压的南北偏移与我国夏季降水的关系[J].应用气象学报,2012,23(6):650-659.
31 Zhang Yu , Li Yaohui , Wang Shigong , et al . South Asia anomaly characteristic in flood /drought years in Northwest China [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2014,34(2):535-541.
张宇,李耀辉,王式功,等 .中国西北地区旱涝年南亚高压异常特征[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(2):535-541.
32 Li Dongliang , Xie Jinnan , Wang Wen . A study of summer precipitation features and anomaly in Northwest China [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 1997,21(3):76-85.
李栋梁,谢金南,王文 .中国西北夏季降水特征及其异常研究[J].大气科学,1997,21(3):76-85.
33 Zhang Qiang , Yao Yubi , Li Yaohui , et al . Research progress and prospect on the monitoring and early warning and mitigation technology of meteorological drought disaster in Northwest China [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2015,30(2):196-213.
张强,姚玉璧,李耀辉,等 .中国西北地区干旱气象灾害监测预警与减灾技术研究进展及其展望[J].地球科学进展,2015,30(2):196-213.
34 Tang Maocang . Some advances on the research of plateau monsoons [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 1993,12(1):95-101.
汤懋苍 .高原季风研究的若干进展[J].高原气象,1993,12(1):95-101.
35 Wu Guoxiong , Mao Jiangyu , Duan Anmin , et al . Recent progress in the study on the impacts of Tibetan Plateau on Asian summer climate [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2004,62(5):528-540.
吴国雄,毛江玉,段安民,等 .青藏高原影响亚洲夏季气候研究的最新进展[J].气象学报,2004,62(5):528-540.
36 Liu Yuzhi , Chang Shuting , Hua Shan , et al . Areview of the research on atmospheric water resources over arid and semi-arid regions of East Asia [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2018,76(3):485-492.
刘玉芝,常姝婷,华珊,等 .东亚干旱半干旱区空中水资源研究进展[J].气象学报,2018,76(3):485-492.
37 Liu Yuzhi , Wu Chuqiao , Jia Rui , et al . An overview of the influence of atomospheric circulation on the climate in arid and semi-arid of Central and East Asia [J]. Science in China (Series D), 2018,48(9):1 141-1 152.
刘玉芝,吴楚樵,贾瑞,等 .大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候影响研究进展[J].中国科学:D辑, 2018,48(9):1 141-1 152.
38 Xun Xueyi , Hu Zeyong , Cui Guifeng , et al . The effect of Tibetan plateau monsoon on the climate in the arid area of northwest China [J]. Climate and Environmental Research, 2018,23(3):311-320.
荀学义,胡泽勇,崔桂凤,等 .青藏高原季风对我国西北干旱区气候的影响[J].气候与环境研究,2018,23(3):311-320.
39 Zhang Qinag , Han Lanying , Hao Xiaocui , et al . On the impact of the climate change agricultural disaster loss caused by drought in China and the regional differences between the north and the south [J]. Acta Melogica Sinica, 2015,73(6):1 092-1 103.
张强,韩兰英,郝小翠,等 .气候变化对中国农业旱灾损失率的影响及其南北区域差异性[J].气象学报,2015,73(6):1 092-1 103.
40 Wu Guoxiong , Liu Yimin , Liu Xin , et al . How the heating over the Tibetan Plateau affects the Asian climate in summer [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2005, 29(1):47-56.
吴国雄,刘屹岷,刘新,等 .青藏高原加热如何影响亚洲夏季的气候格局[J].大气科学,2005,29(1):47-56.
41 Garreaud R , Lopez P , Minvielle M , et al . Large-scale control on the patagonian climate[J]. Journal of Climate, 2013, 26(1): 215-230.
42 Otterrman J . Baring high albedo soils by overgrazing: An hypothesized desertification mechanism [J]. Science, 1974, 186: 531-533.
43 Charney J G . Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel [J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1975, 101(428):193-202.
44 Giannini A , Saravanan R , Chang P . Oceanic forcing of sahel rainfall on interannual to interdecadal time scales[J]. Science, 2003, 302(5 647): 1 027-1 030. DOI: 10.1126/science.1089357 .
doi: 10.1126/science.1089357    
45 Wang Jiemin . Land surface process experiments and interaction study in China—From HEIFE to IMGRASS and GAME-Tibet/TIPEX [J]. Palteau Meteorology, 1999,18(3):280-294.
王介民 .陆面过程实验和地气相互作用研究——从HEIFE到IMGRASS和GAME-Tibet/TIPEX[J].高原气象,1999,18(3):280-294.
46 Huang Jianping , Ji Mingxia , Liu Yuzhi , et al . An overview of arid and semi-arid climate change [J]. Climate Change Research, 2013,9(1):9-14.
黄建平,季明霞,刘玉芝,等 .干旱半干旱区气候变化研究综述[J].气候变化研究进展,2013,9(1):9-14.
47 Sellers P J , Hall F G , Asrar G , et al . The first ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1988, 69(1):22-27.
48 Goutorbe J P , Lebel T , Tinga A , et al . HAPEX-Sahel: A large-scale study of land-atmosphere interactions in the semi-arid tropics [J]. Annales Geophysicae, 1994, 12(1):53-64.
49 Bolle H J . Identification and observation of desertification processes with the aid of measurements from space: Results from the European Field Experiment in Desertification-threatened Areas (EFEDA) [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1995, 37(1/3): 93-101.
50 Hu Yinqiao , Gao Youxi . Some new understandings of processes at the land surface in arid area from the HEIFE [J]. Acta Melogica Sinica, 1994,52(3):285-296.
胡隐樵,高由禧 .黑河实验(HEIFE)——对干旱地区陆面过程的一些新认识[J].气象学报,1994,52(3):285-296.
51 Zuo Hongchao , Hu Yinqiao . The bulk transfer coefficient over desert and gobi in HEIFE region[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 1992,11(4):371-380.
左洪超,胡隐樵 .黑河试验区沙漠和戈壁的总体输送系数[J].高原气象,1992,11(4):371-380.
52 Zhang Qiang , Huang Ronghui , Wang Sheng , et al . NWC- ALIEX and its research advances [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2005,20(4):427-441.
张强,黄荣辉,王胜,等 .西北干旱区陆—气相互作用试验(NWC-ALIEX)及其研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(4):427-441.
53 Huang Ronghui , Chen Wen , Zhang Qiang , et al . The Air-Land Interaction over the Arid Area of Northwest China and Its Impact on East Asian Climate Change [M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2011.
黄荣辉,陈文,张强,等 .中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用及其对东亚气候变化的影响[M].北京:气象出版社,2011.
54 Huang Ronghui , Zhou Degang , Chen Wen , et al . Recent progress in studies of air-land interaction over the arid area of Northwest China and its impact on climate [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2013,37(2):189-210.
黄荣辉,周德刚,陈文,等 .关于中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用及其对气候影响研究的最近进展[J].大气科学,2013,37(2):189-210.
55 Zhang Qiang , Hu Xiangjun , Wang Sheng , et al . Some technological and scientific issues about the experimental study of land surface progress in Chinese Loess Plateau (LOPEX) [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2009,24(4):363-371.
张强,胡向军,王胜,等 .黄土高原陆面过程试验研究(LOPEX)有关科学问题[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(4):363-371.
56 Zhang Qiang , Wang Sheng , Wen Xiaomei , et al . An experimental study of land surface condense phenomenon and water hudget characteristics over the Loess Plateau [J]. Acta Melogica Sinica, 2012,70(1):128-135.
张强,王胜,问晓梅,等 .黄土高原陆面水分的凝结现象及收支特征试验研究[J].气象学报,2012,70(1):128-135.
57 Yue Ping , Zhang Qiang , Zhao Wen , et al . Influence of environmental factors on land-surface water and heat exchange during dry and wet periods in the growing season of semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau [J]. Science in China (Series D), 2015, 45(8):1 229-1 242.
岳平,张强,赵文,等 .黄土高原半干旱草地生长季干湿时段环境因子对陆面水、热交换的影响[J].中国科学:D辑,2015,45(8):1 229-1 242.
58 Wang Sheng , Zhang Qiang , Wang Xing , et al . Comparison of the water and heat characteristics of bare soil in different climate region of the Loess Plateau [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2013,33(4):1 166-1 173.
王胜,张强,王兴,等 .黄土高原不同气候区裸地水、热特征对比[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1 166-1 173.
59 Huang Jing , Zhang Qiang , Li Hongyu . LOPEX instrument accuracies and observation errors [J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012,34(2):357-366.
黄菁,张强,李宏宇 .黄土高原陆面过程观测试验的仪器精度和观测误差分析[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(2):357-366.
60 Qiao Liang , Zhang Qiang , Yue Ping , et al . Analysis of changes in the structure of atmospheric boundary layer from non-monsoon zone to monsoon zone [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2019, 43(2):251-265.
乔梁,张强,岳平,等 .由非季风区向季风区过渡过程中大气边界层结构的变化分析[J].大气科学,2019,43(2):251-265.
61 Yang Siqi , Zhang Qiang , Xi Xiaoxia , et al . Comparative analysis of pan evaporation trends between the summer monsoon transition region and other regions of China [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2018,37(4):1 017-1 024.
杨司琪,张强,奚小霞,等 .夏季风影响过渡区与非夏季风影响过渡区蒸发皿蒸发趋势的对比分析[J].高原气象,2018,37(4):1 017-1 024.
62 Zhang Q , Wang S , Yang F , et al . Characteristics of dew formation and distribution, and its contribution to the surface water budget in a semi-arid Region in China[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2014, 154(2), 317-331.
63 Zhang Qiang , Wang Sheng , Zhang Jie , et al . The progresses on land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in arid regions [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2009,24(11):1 185-1 194.
张强,王胜,张杰,等 .干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(11):1 185-1 194.
64 Zhang Qiang , Zhao Yingdong , Wang Sheng , et al . A study on atmospheric thermal boundary layer structure in extremely arid desert and gobi region on the clear day in summer [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2007,22(11):1 150-1 159.
张强,赵映东,王胜,等 .极端干旱荒漠区典型晴天大气热力边界层结构分析[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(11):1 150-1 159.
65 Zhang Qiang . Study on depth of atmospheric thermal boundary layer in extreme arid desert regions [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2007,27(4):614-620.
张强 .极端干旱荒漠地区大气热力边界层厚度研究[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(4):614-620.
66 Zhang Qiang , Wang Sheng . A study on atmospheric boundary layer structure on a clear day in the arid region in Northwest China [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2008, 66(4):599-608.
张强,王胜 .西北干旱区夏季大气边界层结构及其陆面过程特征[J].气象学报,2008,66(4):599-608.
67 Qiao Juan , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Jie , et al . Comparison of atmospheric boundary layer in winter and summer over arid region of Northwest China [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2010,30(2):422-431.
乔娟,张强,张杰,等 .西北干旱区冬、夏季大气边界层结构对比研究[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(2):422-431.
68 Zhang Qiang , Zhang Jie , Qiao Juan , et al . Relationship of atmospheric boundary layer depth with thermodynamic processes at the land surface in arid regions of China [J]. Science in China (Series D), 2011, 41(9):1 365-1 374.
张强,张杰,乔娟,等 .我国干旱区深厚大气边界层与陆面热力过程的关系研究[J].中国科学:D辑,2011,41(9):1 365-1 374.
69 Li Yanying , Qian Zheng’an , Xue Xinling , et al . Deep mixed layer in Northwest China dry area in summer half year and formation of the dry climate [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2009,28(1):46-54.
李岩瑛,钱正安,薛新玲,等 .西北干旱区夏半年深厚的混合层与干旱气候形成[J].高原气象,2009,28(1):46-54.
70 Li Yanying , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Aiping , et al . Analysis on atmosphere boundary layer variation characteristics and their inpact factors in arid region and semi-arid region over Northwest China [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2016,35(2):385-396.
李岩瑛,张强,张爱萍,等 .干旱半干旱区边界层变化特征及其影响因子分析[J].高原气象,2016,35(2):385-396.
71 Zhang Qiang , Huang Ronghui , Wang Sheng . Discussion about special function of land surface process and atmospheric boundary on regional climate in arid area of Northwest China [J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2011,29(2):133-136.
张强,黄荣辉,王胜 .浅论西北干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层对区域天气气候的特殊作用[J].干旱气象,2011,29(2):133-136.
72 Zhang Qiang , Zhang Hongli , Zhang Liang , et al . Study on summer monsoon transition zone and its land-air interaction [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2017, 32(10):1 009-1 019 .
张强,张红丽,张良,等 .论我国夏季风影响过渡区及其陆—气相互作用问题[J].地球科学进展,2017,32(10):1 009-1 019.
73 Evan A T , Vimont D J , Heidinger A K , et al . The role of aerosols in the evolution of Tropical North Atlantic Ocean Temperature Anomalies[J]. Science, 2009, 324(5 928): 778-781.
74 Zhang Qiang , Hu Yinqiao , Cao Xiaoyan , et al . On some problems of arid climate system of Northwest China [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2000,20(4):13-18.
张强,胡隐樵,曹晓彦,等 .论西北干旱气候的若干问题[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(4):13-18.
75 Zhang Qiang , Zhang Cunjie , Bai Huzhi , et al . New development of climate change in Northwest China and its impact on arid environment [J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2010,28(1):1-7.
张强,张存杰,白虎志,等 .西北地区气候变化新动态及对干旱环境的影响——总体暖干化,局部出现暖湿迹象[J].干旱气象,2010,28(1):1-7.
76 Zhang Qiang , Wang Sheng . On physical characteristics of heavy dust storm and its climatic effect [J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2005,25(5):675-681.
张强,王胜 .论特强沙尘暴(黑风)的物理特征及其气候效应[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(5):675-681.
77 Huang J , Wang T , Wang W , et al . Climate effects of dust aerosols over East Asian arid and semiarid regions [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2014, 119(19): 11 398-11 416.
78 Folland C K , Palmer T N , Parker D E . Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901-85[J]. Nature, 1986, 320(6 063): 602-607.
79 Fontaine B , Trzaska S , Janicot S . Evolution of the relationship between near global and Atlantic SST modes and the rainy season in West Africa: Statistical analyses and sensitivity experiments [J]. Climate Dynamics, 1998, 14(5): 353-368.
80 Mohino E , Rodríguez-Fonseca B , Losada T , et al . Changes in the interannual SST-forced signals on West African rainfall [J]. Climate Dynamics, 2011, 37(9/10): 1 707-1 725.
81 Mohino E , Rodríguez-Fonseca B , Mechoso C R , et al . Impacts of the tropical pacific/Indian oceans on the seasonal cycle of the west african monsoon [J]. Journal of Climate, 2011, 24(15): 3 878-3 891.
82 Hunt B . Natural climatic variability and Sahelian rainfall trends [J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2000, 24(2): 107-131.
83 Shi Peijun , Gong Daoyi . Progress in the study on sahel climate and environmental change [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2001,16(3):406-412.
史培军,龚道溢 .Sahel气候与环境变化研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(3):406-412.
84 McBride J L , Nicholls N . Seasonal Relationships between Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation [J]. Monthly Weather Review, 1983, 111(10): 1 998-2 004.
85 Nicholls N . The changing nature of Australian droughts [J]. Climatic Change, 2004, 63(3): 323-336.
86 White W B . Influence of the antarctic circumpolar wave on australian precipitation from 1958 to 1997 [J]. Journal of Climate, 2000, 13(13): 2 125-2 141.
87 Voice M E , Hunt B G . A study of the dynamics of drought initiation using a global general circulation model [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1984, 89(D6): 9 504.
88 Trenberth K E , Branstator G W , Arkin P A . Origins of the 1988 North American drought [J]. Science, 1988, 242(4 886): 1 640-1 645.
89 Dai A , Trenberth K E , Karl T R . Global variations in droughts and wet spells: 1900-1995 [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998, 25(17): 3 367-3 370.
90 Dai A , Wigley T M L . Global patterns of ENSO-induced precipitation [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2000, 27(9): 1 283-1 286.
91 McCabe G J , Palecki M A , Betancourt J L . Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2004, 101(12): 4 136-4 141.
92 Dai A . The influence of the inter-decadal Pacific oscillation on US precipitation during 1923-2010 [J]. Climate Dynamics, 2012, 41(3/4): 633-646.
93 Dong B , Dai A . The influence of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation on temperature and precipitation over the globe [J]. Climate Dynamics, 2015, 45(9/10), 2 667-2 681.
94 Wu Guoxiong , Wang Jingfang . Correlation in middle and high latitudes between winter sea surface temperature and 500 hPa geopotential height [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 1997,55(1):12-22.
吴国雄,王敬方 .冬季中高纬500hPa高度和海表温度异常特征及其相关分析[J].气象学报,1997,55(1):12-22.
95 Wu Guoxiong , Wang Jingfang . Summer time characteristics and correlation of the extratropical 500 hPa geopotential height field and sea surface temperature [J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 1998,56(1):47-55.
吴国雄,王敬方 .夏季中高纬500 hPa高度和海表温度异常特征及其相关分析[J].气象学报,1998,56(1):47-55.
96 Ma Zhuguo , Shao Lijuan . Relationship between dry/wet variation and the Pacific Decade Oscillation (PDO) in Northern China during the last 100 years [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2006,30(3):464-474.
马柱国,邵丽娟 .中国北方近百年干湿变化与太平洋年代际振荡的关系[J].大气科学,2006,30(3):464-474.
97 Guo Jiangyong , Li Yaohui . Climatic characteristics of summer precipitation in Northwestern China [J]. Arid Zone Research, 2006,23(3):489-494.
郭江勇,李耀辉 .中国西北地区夏季降水的气候特征[J].干旱区研究,2006,23(3):489-494.
98 Li Bo , Zhou Tianjun , Wu Chunqiang , et al . Relationship between rainfall and sea surface temperature simulated by LASG/IAP AGCM and CGCM [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2009,33(5):1 071-1 086.
李博,周天军,吴春强,等 .大气环流模式和耦合模式模拟的降水—海温关系之比较[J].大气科学,2009,33(5):1 071-1 086.
99 Wang Chenqi , Zou Liwei , Zhou Tianjun . SST biases over the Northwest Pacific and possible causes in CMIP5 models [J]. Science in China (Series D), 2018, 48(6):792-804.
王晨琦,邹立维,周天军 .CMIP5模式对西北太平洋SST的模拟偏差及可能成因分析[J].中国科学:D辑,2018,48(6):792-804.
100 Li Yaohui , Li Dongliang , Zhao Qingyun . A study on spring rainfall anomaly in Northwest China and Pacific SSTA features in autumn and their correlations [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2000,19(1):100-110.
李耀辉,李栋梁,赵庆云 .中国西北春季降水与太平洋秋季海温的异常特征及其相关分析[J].高原气象,2000,19(1):100-110.
101 Wang Chenghai , Wang Shigong , Yang Debao , et al . The correlation between the Pacific Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and precipitation over China [J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2002,18(4):374-382.
王澄海,王式功,杨德保,等 .中国西北春季降水与太平洋海温相关特征的研究[J].热带气象学报,2002,18(4):374-382.
102 Yang Jinhu , Jiang Zhihong , Bai Huzhi . Teleconnection between summer extreme precipitation event of east part of Northwest China and Pacific SSTA [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2008,27(2):331-338.
杨金虎,江志红,白虎志 .西北区东部夏季极端降水事件同太平洋SSTA的遥相关[J].高原气象,2008,27(2):331-338.
103 Jiang Dabang , Wang Huijun . Natural interdecadal weakening of East Asian summer monsoon in the late 21st century [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2005, 50(20):2 256-2 262.
姜大膀,王会军 .20世纪后期东亚夏季风年代际减弱的自然属性[J].科学通报,2005,50(20):2 256-2 262.
104 Li Xinzhou , Ma Zhuguo , Liu Xiaodong . Inter decadal characteristics of aridification over Northern China associated with the variation of atmospheric circulation during the past 50 years [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2006,30(2):277-284.
李新周,马柱国,刘晓东 .中国北方干旱化年代际特征与大气环流的关系[J].大气科学,2006,30(2):277-284.
105 Zhang H , Zhang Q , Yue P , et al . Aridity over a semiarid zone in northern China and responses to the East Asian summer monsoon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2016, 121(23): 13 901-13 918.
106 Wang Chenghai , Wang Shigong , Yang Debao . et al . Studies on basic and anomaly features of precipitation during spring in Northwest China [J]. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 2001,12(3):104-111.
王澄海,王式功,杨德保,等 .西北春季降水的基本和异常特征[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2001,12(3):104-111.
107 Xu Dong , Li Ruolin , Wang Chenghai . Characteristics of precipitation changes and relationships with vapor transport in typical arid regions of Asia and Africa under global warming [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research, 2016,21(6):737-748.
徐栋,李若麟,王澄海 .全球变暖背景下亚非典型干旱区降水变化及其与水汽输送的关系研究[J].气候与环境研究,2016,21(6):737-748.
108 Yan Hongming , Yan Huasheng , Xie Yingqi . The SSTA signal characteristic analysis over India Ocean during flood season in China [J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2001,17(2):109-116.
晏红明,严华生,谢应齐 .中国汛期降水的印度洋SSTA信号特征分析[J].热带气象学报,2001,17(2):109-116.
109 Wang Wanting , Guan Zhaoyong , Xu Qi , et al . A further look at the relationship between Indian Ocean Basin-wide Mode and the Maritime Continent precipitation anomalies during boreal summer [J]. Journal of the Meteorological Sciences, 2017, 37(6): 709-717.
汪婉婷,管兆勇,许琪,等 .夏季印度洋海盆模与MC区域降水异常联系的进一步分析[J].气象科学,2017,37(6):709-717.
110 Yang Jianling , Li Yanchun , Mu Jianhua , et al . Analysis of relationship between sea surface temperature in tropical Indian Ocean and precipitation in east of Northwest China [J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2015,34(3):690-699.
杨建玲,李艳春,穆建华,等 .热带印度洋海温与西北地区东部降水关系研究[J].高原气象,2015,34(3):690-699.
111 Zhang R , Delworth T L . Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33(17): L11712. DOI: 10.1029/2006gl026267 .
doi: 10.1029/2006gl026267    
112 Hua Lijuan , Ma Zhuguo . The evolution of dry and wet periods in Asia and North America and its relationship with SSTA[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2009,52(5): 1 184-1 196.
华丽娟,马柱国 .亚洲和北美干湿变化及其与海表温度异常的关系[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1 184-1 196.
113 Kosaka Y , Xie S P . Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature, 2013, 501(7 467): 403-407.
114 Huang J , Xie Y , Guan X , et al . The dynamics of the warming hiatus over the Northern Hemisphere [J]. Climate Dynamics, 2017, 48(1/2): 429-446.
115 Guan X , Ma J , Huang J , et al . Impact of oceans on climate change in drylands [J]. Science in China (Series D), 2019, 62:891-908. DOI: 10.1007/s11430-018-9317-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s11430-018-9317-8    
116 IPCC . Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007: 235-336.
117 Jiang Dabang , Fu Yuanhai . Climate change over China with a 2℃ global warming [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2012, 36(2):234-246.
姜大膀,富元海 . 2℃全球变暖背景下中国未来气候变化预估[J].大气科学,2012,36(2):234-246.
118 Zhang J , Chen H , Zhang Q . Extreme drought in the recent two decades in northern China resulting from Eurasian warming [J]. Climate Dynamics, 2018, 52(5/6):2 885-2 902.
119 Ma Zhuguo , Fu Congbin . Evidences of drying trend in the global during the later half of 20th century and their relationship with large-scle climate background [J]. Science in China(Series D), 2007, 37(2):222-233.
马柱国,符淙斌 .20世纪下半叶全球干旱化的事实及其与大尺度背景的联系[J].中国科学:D辑,2007,37(2):222-233.
120 Zhao M , Running S W . Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009 [J]. Science, 2010, 329(5 994): 940-943.
121 Chen F , Wang J , Jin L , et al . Rapid warming in mid-latitude central Asia for the past 100 years[J]. Frontiers of Earth Science in China, 2009, 3(1): 42-50.
122 Zhang Qiang , Yang Zesu , Hao Xiaocui , et al . Transition features of surface evapotranspiration responding to climate warming with spatial precipitation based climate type in Northern China [J]. China Science Bulletin, 2018,63(11):1 035-1 049.
张强,杨泽粟,郝小翠,等 .北方蒸散对气候变暖响应随降水类型转换特征[J].科学通报,2018,63(11):1 035-1 049.
123 Giannini A . Mechanisms of climate change in the semiarid African Sahel: The local view [J]. Journal of Climate, 2010, 23(3): 743-756.
124 Cheng S , Guan X , Huang J , et al . Long-term trend and variability of soil moisture over East Asia [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2015, 120(17): 8 658-8 670.
125 Cheng S , Huang J . Enhanced soil moisture drying in transitional regions under a warming climate [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2016, 121(6): 2 542-2 555.
126 Ma Zhuguo , Fu Congbin . Decadal variations of arid and semi-arid boundary in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2005,48(3):519-525.
马柱国,符淙斌 .中国干旱和半干旱带的10年际演变特征[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(3):519-525.
127 Li Xinzhou , Liu Xiaodong . A modeling study on drought trend in the Sino-Mongolian arid and semiarid regions in 21st century [J]. Arid Zone Research, 2012,29(2):262-272.
李新周,刘晓东 .21世纪中蒙干旱—半干旱地区干旱化趋势的模拟研究[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(2):262-272.
128 Dai A . Drought under global warming: A review [J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2010, 2(1): 45-65.
129 Dai A . Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models [J]. Nature Climate Change, 2012, 3(1):52-58.
130 Huang J , Li Y , Fu C , et al . Dryland climate change: Recent progress and challenges [J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2017, 55(3): 719-778.
131 Meinshausen M , Meinshausen N , Hare W , et al . Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2°C [J]. Nature, 2009, 458(7 242): 1 158-1 162.
132 Huang J , Ji M , Xie Y , et al . Global semi-arid climate change over last 60 years [J]. Climate Dynamics, 2015, 46(3/4): 1 131-1 150.
133 Dai A . Characteristics and trends in various forms of the Palmer Drought Severity Index during 1900-2008 [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011, 116 (D12). DOI: 10.1029/2010jd01 5541 .
doi: 10.1029/2010jd01 5541    
134 Allen R J , Anderson R G . 21st century California drought risk linked to model fidelity of the El Ni?o teleconnection [J]. Climate and Atmospheric Science, 2018, 1(1). DOI: 10.1038/s41612-018-0032-x .
doi: 10.1038/s41612-018-0032-x    
135 Dai A , Zhao T . Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought. Part I: Estimates of historical drought changes [J]. Climatic Change, 2016, 144(3): 519-533.
136 Zhao T , Dai A . Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought. Part II: Model-simulated historical and future drought changes [J]. Climatic Change, 2016, 144(3): 535-548.
137 Xu Baoliang , Yang Qing , Ma Zhuguo . Decadal characteristics of global land annual precipitation variation on multiple spatial scales [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2017,41(3):593-602.
徐保梁,杨庆,马柱国 .全球不同空间尺度陆地年降水的年代尺度变化特征[J].大气科学,2017,41(3):593-602.
138 Greve P , Orlowsky B , Mueller B , et al . Global assessment of trends in wetting and drying over land [J]. Nature Geoscience, 2014, 7(10): 716-721.
139 Sheffield J , Wood E F , Roderick M L . Little change in global drought over the past 60 years [J]. Nature, 2012, 491(7 424):435-438.
140 Trenberth K E , Dai A , van der Schrier G . Global warming and changes in drought [J]. Nature Climate Change, 2014, 4(1): 17-22.
141 Ma Zhuguo , Fu Congbin . Basic facts of aridity in Northern China from 1951 to 2004 [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006,51(20):2 429-2 439.
马柱国,符淙斌 .1951—2004年中国北方干旱化的基本事实[J].科学通报,2006, 51(20):2 429-2 439.
142 Ma Zhuguo , Ren Xiaobo . Drying trend over China from 1951 to 2006 [J]. Advances in Climate Change Research, 2007,3(4):195-201.
马柱国,任小波 .1951—2006年中国区域干旱化特征[J].气候变化研究进展,2007,3(4):195-201.
143 Zhang Hongli , Zhang Qiang , Liu Qian , et al . The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of dryness index and its main factors in China [J]. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 2016,52(4):484-491.
张红丽,张强,刘骞,等 .中国干旱状况的时空分布特征及影响因素[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2016,52(4):484-491.
144 Qian C , Zhou T . Multidecadal variability of North China aridity and its relationship to PDO during 1900-2010 [J]. Journal of Climate, 2014, 27(3): 1 210-1 222.
145 Huang Ronghui , Gu Lei , Chen Jilong , et al . Recent progresses in studies of the temporal-spatial variations of the East Asian Monsoon system and their impacts on climate anomalies in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2008,32(4):691-719.
黄荣辉,顾雷,陈际龙,等 .东亚季风系统的时空变化及其对我国气候异常影响的最近研究进展[J].大气科学,2008,32(4):691-719.
146 Chen Fahu , Huang Wei , Jin Liya , et al . Spationtemporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia in the context of global warming [J]. Science in China (Series D), 2011,41(11):1 647-1 657.
陈发虎,黄伟,靳立亚,等 .全球变暖背景下中亚干旱区降水变化特征及其空间差异[J].中国科学:D辑,2011,41(11):1 647-1 657.
147 Jiang Dabang , Tian Zhiping . East Asian monsoon change for the 21st century: Results of CMIP3 and CMIP5 models [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013,58(8):707-716.
姜大膀,田芝平 .21世纪东亚季风变化:CMIP3和CMIP5模式预估结果[J].科学通报,2013,58(8):707-716.
148 Jiang D , Wang H . Natural interdecadal weakening of East Asian summer monsoon in the late 20th century [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2005, 50(17):1 923-1 929.
149 Chen F , Wang J , Jin L , et al . Rapid warming in mid-latitude central Asia for the past 100 years [J]. Frontiers of Earth Science in China, 2009, 3(1): 42-50.
150 Ma Zhuguo , Fu Congbin , Yang Qing , et al . Drying trend in northern China and its shift during 1951-2016 [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2018,42(4): 951-961.
马柱国,符淙斌,杨庆,等 .关于我国北方干旱化及其转折性变化[J].大气科学,2018,42(4):951-961.
151 Kogan F N . Droughts of the Late 1980s in the United States as derived from NOAA polar-orbiting satellite data [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1995, 76(5):655-668.
152 Scheff J , Frierson D M W . Terrestrial aridity and its response to greenhouse warming across CMIP5 climate models [J]. Journal of Climate, 2015, 28(14): 5 583-5 600.
153 Prudhomme C , Giuntoli I , Robinson E L , et al . Hydrological droughts in the 21st century, hotspots and uncertainties from a global multimodel ensemble experiment [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 111(9): 3 262-3 267.
154 Mishra A K , Singh V P . A review of drought concepts [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2010, 391(1/2): 202-216.
155 Feng S , Fu Q . Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(19): 10 081-10 094.
156 Zeng N , Yoon J . Expansion of the world’s deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2009, 36(17). DOI: 10.1029/2009gl039699 .
doi: 10.1029/2009gl039699    
157 Cai W , Wang G , Dewitte B , et al . Increased variability of eastern Pacific El Ni?o under greenhouse warming [J]. Nature, 2018, 564(7 735): 201-206.
[1] 余武生,田立德,马耀明,尹常亮. 青藏高原降水中稳定氧同位素研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2006, 21(12): 1314-1323.
阅读次数
全文


摘要