地球科学进展 ›› 2014, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (7): 795 -809. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.07.0795

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西藏班公湖—怒江成矿带研究进展及一些新认识
宋扬( ), 唐菊兴, 曲晓明, 王登红, 辛洪波, 杨超, 林彬, 范淑芳   
  1. 中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所,国土资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室,北京 100037
  • 出版日期:2014-07-10
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“青藏高原南部增生造山成矿系统发育机制”(编号:2011CB403103);中国地质调查局项目“我国重要矿产和区域成矿规律研究”(编号:1212010633903)资助

Metallogenic Belt and Some New Recognition

Yang Song( ), Juxing Tang, Xiaoming Qu, Denghong Wang, Hongbo Xin, Chao Yang, Bin Lin, Shufang Fan   

  1. MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,Institute of Mineral Resources,CAGS,Beijing 100037,China
  • Online:2014-07-10 Published:2014-07-10

狭义的班公湖—怒江成矿带的范围与班公湖—怒江洋盆残留的蛇绿混杂岩带一致,包括与超基性岩浆熔离作用相关的Cr,Fe,Ni等矿床;广义的班公湖—怒江成矿带包括缝合线南北两侧与班公湖—怒江洋俯冲、碰撞、碰撞后及陆内伸展作用有关的所有矿床和岩浆岩,其范围包括南羌塘地体南缘、班公湖—怒江缝合带、北—中拉萨地块的大部分区域,发育的矿床类型有斑岩型铜(金)矿、矽卡岩型铁(铜)矿、热液—蚀变岩型金矿和热液型钨矿等,涉及的动力学背景包括活动大陆边缘到板内的各个阶段。在2期重要的斑岩铜(金)成矿作用中,120~105 Ma BP矿床的形成与拉萨地体和南羌塘地体碰撞过程中深部俯冲洋壳物质的重熔有关,90~85 Ma BP矿床始于碰撞后阶段岩石圈地幔的底侵作用。一些关键的基础性科学问题,诸如大地构造背景(成矿环境)、岩浆作用特征、典型矿床成矿机制、矿床的保存与高原隆升之间的关系等,需要在今后的研究工作中予以关注。

The traditional Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt overlap with the ophiolitic melange units remained in the Bangongco-Nujiang ocean including the Cr, Au, Fe mineralization controlled with magma liquation. On the other hand, the broad metallogenic belt involved the deposits which had been recognized the products of subduction or postsubduction lithospheric extension in the northern and southern sides of Bangongco-Nujiang subduction zone, which includes the southern edge of the southern Qiangtang, suture zone, part of the North and Middle Gangdese block. The types of deposits include porphyry copper (gold) deposits, skarn iron (copper) deposits, hydrothermal-altered rock type of gold deposits and hydrothermal type of tungsten deposits throughout the evolution of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean. The copper mineralization has two episodes at about 120~105 Ma and 90~85 Ma, respectively. The early stage of copper mineralization (120~105 Ma) likely formes by remelting of previously subduction-modified arc lithosphere. Moreover, the late stage of copper mineralization (90~85 Ma) could be triggered by postcollisional lithospheric mantle delamination. Some of key fundamental scientific problems, such as Tectonic background (metallogenic environment), magmatism, metallogenic mechanism of typical deposits, the relationship between the preservation and plateau uplift, we need to pay attention to in the future work.

中图分类号: 

图1 西藏班公湖—怒江成矿带矿床分布图 1.矽卡岩型铁矿; 2.矽卡岩型铜矿; 3.岩浆型铬铁矿; 4.岩浆型镍矿; 5.斑岩型铜矿; 6.斑岩型铜金矿;7.矽卡岩型铜金矿; 8.矽卡岩型铜多金属矿; 9.金矿; 10.钨钼矿; 11.铅锌矿床(点); 12.蛇绿混杂岩带; 13.二级成矿省边界; 14.三级成矿区带边界; 15.狭义的班公湖—怒江成矿带; 16.广义的班公湖—怒江成矿带(本文讨论对象); 17.城镇. 注:随着认识程度的提高,成矿带的边界还将有实质性的改变
Fig.1 Map showing distribution of the mineral deposits in the Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt 1. Skarn Fe deposit; 2. Skarn Cu deposit; 3. Magmatic chromite deposit; 4. Magmatic Ni deposit; 5. Porphyry Cu deposit; 6. Porphyry Cu (Au) deposit;7. Skarn Cu (Au) deposit; 8. Skarn Cu-polymetallic deposit; 9. Au deposit; 10. W-Mo deposit; 11. Pb-Zn deposit (or spot); 12. The ophiolitic melange belt; 13. The border of secondary metallogenic provinces;14. The border of tertiary metallogenic belts; 15. The traditional Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt ; 16. The broad Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt; 17. Town. Note: The boundary of the metallogenic belt may be changed in the future
图2 班—怒成矿带矿床时空分布规律及成矿背景示意图
Fig. 2 Space-time distribution and tectonic setting of main ore deposits of Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt
表1 班公湖—怒江成矿带主要金属矿床地质特征表
Table 1 Characteristics of the main deposits in the Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt
矿床(点) 成矿元素组合 矿床类型 规模/储量/t 品位 矿体形态 围岩 成矿岩体 <br/>(类型/时代) 成矿时代/<br/>Ma BP 参考来源
东巧 Cr 岩浆熔离型 约45.8万 Cr2O3 48% 豆荚状 纯橄榄岩,蛇纹岩,方辉橄榄岩 纯橄榄岩,蛇纹岩,方辉橄榄岩 (244 ±17) ~(251±65) Ma [74]
拨拉扎 Cu 斑岩-矽卡岩型 约10万 Cu 0.69% 细脉浸染状 碳酸盐<br/>(P2x) 花岗闪长斑岩<br/>(93.8±1.2 ~ 92.8±1.2) Ma BP 88,2±0.6, 89.6±2.7<br/>(辉钼矿Re-Os) [102]
多不杂 Cu-Au 斑岩型 Cu 约270万,<br/>Au 约13 Cu 0.94%, Mo 0.23% 细脉状 <br/>网脉状 中-酸性次火山岩(K1m) 花岗闪长斑岩<br/>(116.8±1.7)Ma BP [ 76 ], (120.9±2.4)Ma BP [ 66 ] 118.0±1.5 <br/>(辉钼矿Re-Os) [109] <br/>[76] <br/>[66]
波龙 Cu-Au 斑岩型 Cu 约208万,<br/>Au 约99 Cu 0.52%<br/>Au 0.41 g/t 细脉状 <br/>网脉状 紫色英安岩 (K1m) 花岗闪长斑岩(121.1±1.7) Ma BP[ 76 ]、 <br/>花岗斑岩 119.4±1.3Ma[ 110 ]<br/>(辉钼矿Re-Os) [65]<br/>[76]<br/>[110]
铁格龙南 Cu-Au 浅成低温热液型 Cu 约500万<br/>Au 约50 - 细脉浸染状 变砂岩(J1-2s)、 安山质火山碎屑岩(K1m) 花岗闪长斑岩<br/>花岗斑岩 - -
拿若 Cu-Au 斑岩型 Cu 约200万,<br/>Au 50~100 - 细脉浸染状 变砂岩(J1-2s) 花岗闪长斑岩 - -
尕尔穷 Cu-Au 矽卡岩-斑岩型 大型 Au 205 g/t(highest) 脉状、似层状 碳酸盐 (K1da) 石英闪长岩<br/>(87.1±0.4 )Ma BP 86.9±0.5 <br/>(辉钼矿Re-Os) [82, 83]
噶拉勒 Cu-Au 矽卡岩型 大型 - 似层状 白云岩、白云质大理岩(K1j) 花岗闪长岩(86.5±0.4)Ma BP - [82]
舍索 Cu-polymetallic 矽卡岩型 中型 - 脉状、似层状、<br/>透镜状 白云岩、大理岩(K1l) 花岗闪长岩(116.2±0.9)Ma BP 116.2±1.9 <br/>(辉钼矿Re-Os) [84, 111]
雄梅 Cu-Au 斑岩型 - - 浸染状-细脉状 砂板岩(K1dd) 花岗闪长斑岩(106.1±0.5)Ma BP - [80]
材玛 Fe 矽卡岩型 - TFe 34.5%~63.3% 透镜状、脉状 碳酸盐(P2x) 黑云母花岗岩(165.1±1.5)Ma BP - [88]
弗野 Fe 矽卡岩型 906.2万 TFe 57.2%~63.5% 透镜状、脉状 碳酸盐(P2t) 石英闪长岩(130±1.4) Ma BP - [16, 112]
雪如 Fe-Cu 矽卡岩型 - - 透镜状、脉状、<br/>似层状 白云岩、大理岩(K1l) 二长花岗岩(79.7±0.5) Ma BP - [87]
再阿 Fe-Cu 矽卡岩型 小型 - 脉状、透镜状、<br/>似层状 白云岩、大理岩(K1l) 花岗闪长岩<br/>(79.8±0.9) Ma BP - [86]
拉青 Cu-polymetallic 矽卡岩型 - - 脉状、透镜状、<br/>似层状 白云岩 (J3s) 二长花岗岩<br/>(114.2±0.9) Ma BP - [89]
日阿 Cu-polymetallic 矽卡岩型 - Cu 0.45 %~2.01% 脉状、似层状 白云岩、大理岩 (K1l) 二长花岗斑岩<br/>(90.1Ma BP) 87.7±0.6<br/>(金云母 Ar-Ar) [113]
屋索拉 Au 石英脉型 大型 - 脉状 玄武岩、砂板岩、<br/>大理岩 (Jm) 安山玢岩 93.8±2.1Ma<br/>(铬云母 K-Ar) [10, 14]
扎格拉 Au 蚀变岩型 - - 脉状 板岩 J1-2x 花岗斑岩脉 - [93]
尼雄 Fe 矽卡岩型 大型 - 似层状、透镜状 碳酸盐<br/>(P2x) 二长花岗岩(112.6±1.6) Ma BP<br/>花岗闪长岩(113.6±1.2) Ma BP 112.3<br/>(金云母 Ar-Ar) [90, 91]
甲岗 W-Mo-Bi 石英脉型 接近大型 - 脉状 砂岩 (K1y) 二长花岗岩<br/>(22.2 Ma BP) - [94]
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