油气藏埋存二氧化碳生物转化甲烷的机理和应用研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2011.05.0499

埋存CO₂生物转化CH₄技术是利用油、气藏中内源微生物，以埋存的CO₂为底物，通过CO₂生物还原途径合成CH₄的生物技术。此技术因兼备CO₂减排的环保意义、生物合成CH₄的再生能源意义、延长油气藏寿命和潜在经济收益等优势有着广泛应用前景。CO₂的捕集、埋存和油气藏生物多样性为此技术的实施提供了可行性。油藏中低矿化度的地层水中存在产H₂和CH₄的微生物，一定的成岩阶段生物气藏成因主要源于代谢CO₂/H₂的甲烷菌。因此，一定条件下油气藏内源微生物能够生物转化CO₂。但是，油气藏埋存CO₂生物转化CH₄的实现受到各种条件的制约，包括：发酵菌群、产H₂菌群和甲烷菌群之间的合作关系；甲烷菌群结构是否合理；甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌两大菌群之间的竞争和共代谢关系；以及CO₂还原需要的H₂来源等。相对于已知的代谢途径，油气藏中CO₂还原途径可能更加复杂。因此，无论是微生物学家还是石油工程师，通过调控油气藏参数来实现生物合成CH₄还是一个很大的挑战。目前，埋存CO₂生物转化甲烷处于研究的实验室探索阶段，需要突破的瓶颈是寻找合适的油气藏、激活内源微生物实现CH₄的再生，达到有经济意义的CH₄转化速率和转化率。尽管埋藏CO₂生物转化CH₄是一个仅有10年研究历史的新技术，相信不久的将来，此项生物技术的广泛应用将会为人类可再生能源和CO₂减排做出贡献。

关键词: CO₂, 生物转化, CO₂减排, CH₄, 提高采收率

The bioconversion of CH₄from the stored CO₂ is a biotechnological solution that the injected CO₂ is metabolized by indigenous microbes in depleted oil or gas reservoirs to produce CH₄ by CO₂ bioreduction pathway. It is potential applied and promising technology due to its environmental friendship for CO₂storage and sequestration, renewable energy of biogas CH₄, extended oil and gas reservoirs development period, and the potential profit for enhanced gas or oil recovery. The CO₂ Capture & Storage project and microbial diversity of reservoirs offer the solution feasibility. Hydrogenotrophic mesophilic or thermophilic methanogens are known to be common inhabitants in slightly saline formation water in oil and gas reservoirs. The distribution of CO₂/H₂ methanongens of biogas reservoirs changes with diagenetic stages. It has been shown that CO₂ can be potentially bioconverted to CH₄ in reservoirs under certain conditions. However, oil and gas reservoirs are complicated systems and the bioconversion is constrained by the relationships among the methanogens, fermentative bacteria and hydrogenproducing bacteria. The methanogen community structure and the cometabolization and competition between the two communities of Sulfate Reduction Bacteria (SRB) and methanogens may also impact the CO₂reduction. Compared to the discovered knowledge that CO₂ bioreduction pathway is permissible, the process may be quite complicated to be realized in reservoirs. It is difficult to realize the CO₂bioreduction pathway without synthetic H₂supply. It is still a big challenge for both microbiologists and petroleum engineers to realize CH₄bioconversion from CO₂by parameters control in reservoirs. At present, the CO₂ reduction research is at experimental stage in the laboratory, the breakthrough is to activate the suited reservoirs' microorganism consortium to realize the CH₄bioconversion in right way, to probe the profitable CH₄bioconversion rate and production velocity. Though the solution of CH₄ bioconversion from injected CO₂ in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is a fresh technique with less than ten years research history, it is believed that it is quite promising and will be applied for renewable energy and CO₂ sequestration in the near future.

Key words: CO₂ Bioconversion, CO₂ Sequestration, CH₄, Enhanced oil or gas recovery

中图分类号:

P967

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Research Progress on the Mechanism and Potential Application of CH 4 Bioconversion from CO 2 in Oil and Gas Reservoirs

Research Progress on the Mechanism and Potential Application of CH ₄Bioconversion from CO ₂ in Oil and Gas Reservoirs