我国城市大气化石源
 CO2的
 14C示踪研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.079

地球科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (9): 881 -889. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.079

我国城市大气化石源 CO₂的 ¹⁴C示踪研究进展

周卫健 ^1, ^2, ³(

),吴书刚 ^1, ²,熊晓虎 ^1, ²,程鹏 ^1, ²,王鹏 ^1, ²,侯瑶瑶 ^1, ²,牛振川 ^1, ²,杜花 ^1, ²,陈宁 ^1, ²,卢雪峰 ^1, ²,付云翀 ^1, ²,刘林 ⁴

^1.中国科学院地球环境研究所黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室，中国科学院第四纪科学与全球变化卓越创新中心，陕西西安 710061
^2.陕西省加速器质谱技术及应用重点实验室，西安加速器质谱中心，陕西西安 710061
^3.西安地球环境创新研究院，陕西西安 710061
^4.北京师范大学，北京 100875

收稿日期:2020-09-01 修回日期:2020-09-08 出版日期:2020-09-10
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目“14C示踪和数值模拟研究我国主要城市大气化石源CO2的时空分布与区域输送”(41730108);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目“放射性碳定量示踪城市大气化石源CO2的技术与应用研究”(2020JCW-18)

Progress of Tracing Fossil Fuel CO ₂ by Radiocarbon in Chinese Cities

Weijian Zhou ^1, ^2, ³( ),Shugang Wu ^1, ²,Xiaohu Xiong ^1, ²,Peng Cheng ^1, ²,Peng Wang ^1, ²,Yaoyao Hou ^1, ²,Zhenchuan Niu ^1, ²,Hua Du ^1, ²,Ning Chen ^1, ²,Xuefeng Lu ^1, ²,Yunchong Fu ^1, ²,Lin Liu ⁴

^1.State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology，CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change，Institute of Earth Environment，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Xi'an 710061，China
^2.Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application，Joint Xi'an AMS Center Between IEECAS and Xi'an Jiaotong University，Xi'an 710061，China
^3.Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research，Xi'an 710061，China
^4.Beijing Normal University，Beijing 100875，China

Received:2020-09-01 Revised:2020-09-08 Online:2020-09-10 Published:2020-10-28
About author:Zhou Weijian (1953-), female, Nanle County， He‘nan Province, Professor, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Research areas include environmental tracing by cosmogenic nuclides. E-mail: weijian@loess.llqg.ac.cn
Supported by:
the National Science Foundation of China "The spatial-temporal distribution and regional transportation of fossil fuel CO2 using radiocarbon and model in main Chinese cities"(41730108);The Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi "Research on the technology and application of quantitative tracing of urban atmospheric fossil CO2 using radiocarbon"(2020JCW-18)

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化石燃料等排放是大气CO₂浓度增加的主要原因，而城市是碳排放研究的热点区域。获取化石源CO₂（CO₂_ff）的时空变化特征，可以为政府的宏观决策及参与国际碳减排谈判提供重要的科学数据。近十年来我国科技人员在运用¹⁴C示踪城市大气CO₂_ff的研究方面取得了一些重要进展：通过大气、树轮和一年生植物样品¹⁴C的分析，获得了不同时间尺度和空间尺度CO₂_ff的变化特征，发现北方城市是减排的重点。CO₂_ff与PM_2.5关系的研究表明，控制大气污染物可以同时降低CO₂_ff排放，存在减排的协同效应。WRF-CHEM模式模拟分析了关中地区CO₂_ff的传输，并结合Δ¹⁴CO₂和δ¹³C对CO₂_ff的来源进行解析，发现西安CO₂_ff主要来源于本地燃煤的排放。¹⁴C示踪获得的CO₂_ff浓度与统计的碳排放量变化趋势和幅度基本一致，可以相互校验，保证数据的可靠性。为此建议尽快建立我国城市大气Δ¹⁴CO₂观测网，投入更多的人力物力推进这项研究，服务于国家碳减排任务。

关键词: 化石源CO₂（CO₂_ff）, Δ¹⁴CO₂, 源解析, 碳减排

The main cause of increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration is the carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustions and so on. Cities are regarded as the hot spots of carbon emissions. On the basis of obtaining the levels and spatial-temporal variation characteristics of atmospheric fossil fuel CO₂ （CO₂_ff）， we can provide scientific data for government policy-making and international negotiations on carbon reductions. In the recent ten years， some important progresses have been achieved in the study of tracing urban atmospheric CO₂_ff using ¹⁴C by Chinese scientists. The variation characteristics of urban CO₂_ff at different temporal and spatial scales were obtained through the analysis of ¹⁴C in air， tree ring and annual plant samples. Our results show that the northern cities are the key points to reduce carbon emissions， and that the CO₂_ff emissions can be reduced simultaneously by controlling atmospheric pollutant emissions， indicating a synergistic emission reduction. It was found that CO₂_ff in Xi'an was mainly from local coal-burning emissions with the use of improved WRF-CHEM model and δ¹³C. Finally， the yearly CO₂_ff traced by tree-ring ¹⁴C in Xi'an showed similar trends and amplitudes with the statistical data of carbon emissions， which indicates that the ¹⁴C tracing method and statistical method can be mutually validated to ensure the reliability of the data. In order to promote the ¹⁴C trace study to serve the national carbon emission reduction task， we suggest that the urban atmospheric Δ¹⁴CO₂ observation network should be established as soon as possible， and that this study should be enhanced with more scientists involved in it and more financial resources to support it.

Key words: Fossil fuel CO₂ （CO₂_ff）, ¹⁴C tracing, Source apportionment, Carbon emission reduction

中图分类号:

P597

图1 2011年10月至2016年12月西安大气Δ¹⁴CO₂（红色圆点）和CO₂_ff（蓝色条形图）的变化
红色实线和黑色虚线分别为Δ ¹⁴CO ₂和CO ₂ _ff的傅里叶变换平滑线（周期为6个数据点）（修改自参考文献[ 25 ]）

Fig.1 Variations of Δ¹⁴CO₂ (red dots) and CO₂_ff (blue bars) in Xi'an during 2011/10-2016/12
The solid and dashed lines are Fourier Transform-smoothed (period of 6 data points) for Δ ¹⁴CO ₂ and CO ₂ _ff, respectively (modified after reference [ 25 ])

图2 西安树轮重建的Δ¹⁴C（黑色圆圈）及CO₂_ff（蓝色条形图）变化（数据来自参考文献[ 28 ]）

Fig.2 Variations of Δ¹⁴C (black circle) and CO₂_ff (blue bar) in Xi’an constructed from tree rings (data from reference [ 28 ])

图3 全国15个城市2014—2016年冬季（a）和夏季（b）CO₂_ff浓度

Fig.3 Winter (a) and summer (b) CO₂_ff concentrations from 2014 to 2016 in 15 Chinese cities

图4 渭南、西安和咸阳CO₂_ff浓度
条形图上方字母（a, b, ab)不同表示均值差异显著

Fig.4 CO₂_ff concentrations of Weinan, Xi’an and Xianyang
The letters (a, b, ab) above the bars indicate the differences of the mean values are significant

图5 中国部分城市CO₂_ff与PM_2.5的关系（数据来自参考文献[ 25 ])

Fig.5 Relationships between CO₂_ff and PM_2.5 in some Chinese cities (data from reference [ 25 ])

图6 模拟的2014年1月关中地区CO₂_ff浓度空间分布
（a）不含关中地区排放，（b）含关中地区排放；图中黑色圆实点代表CO ₂观测点的位置，红色区域以西安为中心，黑色虚线代表西安三环线，黑色实线显示的是西安北方黄土高原和南方秦岭的海拔1 000 m等高线，表明了关中盆地的区域；大气CO ₂ _ff浓度通过改进后的WRF-CHEM模式模拟(引用自参考文献[ 25 ])

Fig.6 Spatial distributions of simulated CO₂_ff concentrations in the Guanzhong Basin in January 2014
(a) Without Guanzhong basin CO ₂ _ff emissions and (b) with Guanzhong basin CO ₂ _ff emissions. The black dot indicates the location of the CO ₂ measurements. The red zone is centered on Xi'an. The dashed line shows the position of the outermost ring road in Xi'an. The black curves show the 1 000 m topographic contour along the Chinese Loess Plateau to the north, and Qinling Mountains to the south, indicating the area of the Guanzhong Basin. The atmospheric mixing of CO ₂ _ffis simulated with a modified WRF-CHEM model (cited from reference [ 25 ])

图7 西安树轮¹⁴C示踪^{[

28
]}的CO₂_ff浓度（红线）与统计计算的排放量（蓝线）的趋势对比

Fig.7 Comparison of CO₂_ff concentration derived from tree ring ¹⁴C^{[

28
]} (red curve) with carbon dioxide emission based on statistical data (blue line) in Xi’an

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摘要

Progress of Tracing Fossil Fuel CO 2 by Radiocarbon in Chinese Cities

Progress of Tracing Fossil Fuel CO ₂ by Radiocarbon in Chinese Cities