地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (9): 890 -901. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.072

所属专题： 地球系统科学大会纪念专刊；

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

海底周期阶坎研究进展与挑战
王大伟 1, 2, 3( ),孙悦 1, 2,司少文 1, 2,吴时国 1, 2, 3, 4   
  1. 1.中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所，海南 三亚 572000
    2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
    3.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（珠海），广东 珠海 519080
    4.青岛海洋科学 与技术国家实验室，山东 青岛 266237
  • 收稿日期:2020-08-02 修回日期:2020-08-25 出版日期:2020-09-10
  • 通讯作者: 王大伟 E-mail:wangdawei@idsse.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目“南海珠江口外海底峡谷内底形沉积结构与形成机理”(41666002);中国科学院前沿科学研究重点计划项目“深水海底峡谷—水道地貌特征及形成机理”(QYZDB-SSW-SYS025)

Research Progress and Challenges of Submarine Cyclic Steps

Dawei Wang 1, 2, 3( ),Yue Sun 1, 2,Shaowen Si 1, 2,Shiguo Wu 1, 2, 3, 4   

  1. 1.Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Sanya Hainan 572000，China
    2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100049，China
    3.Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory （Zhuhai），Zhuhai Guangdong 519080，China
    4.Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology，Qingdao Shandong 266237，China
  • Received:2020-08-02 Revised:2020-08-25 Online:2020-09-10 Published:2020-10-28
  • Contact: Dawei Wang E-mail:wangdawei@idsse.ac.cn
  • About author:Wang Dawei (1976-), male, Suihua City, Heilongjiang Province, Professor. Research areas include seismic sedimentology, deep water oil and gas, submarine geohazard, and artificial intelligence identification. E-mail: wangdawei@idsse.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Sedimentary architecture and mechanism of bedforms within submarine canyon out of the Pear River Estuary, South China Sea”(41666002);The Key Project of Frontier Science Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences "Geomorphic features and forming mechanism of deep-water canyon-channel system"(QYZDB-SSW-SYS025)
全文 ( 24 ) 下载PDF ( 581 )

超临界流形成的周期阶坎是一种常见的底形，普遍存在于河口三角洲体系、深水峡谷—水道体系和碳酸盐台地等沉积体系中。从沉积环境、底形形态、沉积结构、形成机理和数值模拟等方面介绍了周期阶坎的研究进展，探讨了船测和AUV多波束、船测和AUV浅剖、人工地震、野外露头、数值模拟研究中揭示的周期阶坎分辨率问题，给出了周期阶坎研究的突破方向。利用探地雷达、人工地震、钻井和测井结合的方法，准确确定野外露头的中泓线位置；在水深大于500 m的区域，将AUV和船测多波束、AUV和船测浅地层剖面、人工地震等数据结合，通过载人潜水器获取原位数据，完善周期阶坎的三维精细结构；开发立体化三维数值模拟，建立一套适用于真实周期阶坎形态的动力学模拟方程。

关键词: 周期阶坎, 浊流, 超临界流, 沉积结构, 尺度差异

Cyclic steps structure derived from the supercritical flows is one of the common bedforms， which is commonly found in sedimentary systems such as delta systems， deep-water canyon-channel systems， and carbonate platforms. In this paper， the research progresses of cyclic steps were introduced from the aspects of sedimentary environment， the features of bedforms， sedimentary structure， formation mechanism， and numerical simulation. The Research scale differences associated with the survey techniques or study methods， such as the ship survey and AUV-based multi-beams， sub-bottom profiles， multichannel seismic， the field outcrop， and numerical simulation were discussed. Finally， the breakthrough directions of the cyclic steps research were given. The combining method of ground penetrating radar， multichannel seismic， drilling and well logging were used to accurately detect the location of field outcrop thalweg. Within the area with water depth greater than 500 meters， the blending of multi-data for the cyclic steps research involved the AUV-based and the ship multi-beams， sub-bottom profiles， and multichannel seismic data. With the in situ samples and observation data obtained by human occupied vehicles， three-dimensional numerical simulation was developed to establish a set of dynamic simulation equations suitable for the real cyclic steps. Therefore， the high resolution three dimensional mode of the deep-water cyclic steps could be obtained more accurately.

Key words: Cyclic steps, Turbidity currents, Supercritical flows, Sedimentary structure, Scale difference

中图分类号: 

图1 周期阶坎示意图[ 2 ]
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of cyclic steps[ 2 ]
图2 逆行沙丘和周期阶坎对比(据参考文献[ 35 ]修改)
Fig.2 The comparison between antidunes and cyclic steps (modified after reference [ 35 ])
表1 不同沉积环境下的周期阶坎
Table 1 Cycle steps in different sedimentary environments
沉积环境 尺度大小 形成机理 结构特征 沉积物组成 实例
河口三角洲

波长：30~300 m

波高：1~8 m

 多数由羽状流触发的浊流 多为新月形，阶坎较为连续，数量较多 砂质、泥质沉积物 加拿大斯阔米什三角洲[ 37 ]
海底峡谷水道

小型：整体长度小于10 km，波长20~100 m，波高0.5~5.0 m;

中型：整体长度10~50 km，波长200~1 100 m，波高20~50 m;

大型：整体长度大于50 km，波长300~7 200 m，波高5~220 m

 海底峡谷—水道内壁垮塌、驻波、内波等触发的浊流 以新月形为主，上游尺度较小、对称性较差，下游尺度较大、对称性较好 近端粗粒砂岩，远端细粒砂岩、黏土 南海东北陆坡西澎湖峡谷[ 12 ]，非洲Rio Muni盆地[ 11 ]
碳酸盐台地

波长：96~117 m

波高：3.5~4.3 m

 台地顶部沉积物向深海盆地搬运形成的线性倾泻密度流 不仅沿流动方向纵向排列，横向上也成线性排列 碳酸盐岩 墨西哥湾巴哈马台地[ 13 , 14 , 38 ]
图3 不同环境下的周期阶坎(据参考文献[ 12 , 13 , 41 , 42 ]修改)
(a)加拿大斯阔米什三角洲；(b) 美国西海岸圣马特奥水道；（c）中国南海东北陆坡西澎湖峡谷；（d）墨西哥湾巴哈马碳酸盐台地
Fig.3 Cyclic steps in different environments (modified after references[12,13,41,42])
(a) Squamish prodelta of Canada； (b) The San Mateo channel of the west coast of USA； (c) West Penghu Canyon on the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea； (d) The Great Bahama carbonate platform of the gulf of Mexico
图4 周期阶坎岩相分布(据参考文献[ 50 ]修改)
Fig.4 The distribution of cyclic steps facies (modified after reference[ 50 ])
图5 周期阶坎粒度分布(据参考文献[ 18 ]修改)
Fig.5 The grain size distribution of cyclic steps (modified after reference[ 18 ])
图6 沿圣马特奥水道浊流形态动力学模拟结果[ 41 ]
（a）底形和浊流自由液面沿着水道中泓线的变化; (b)密度弗洛德数的变化
Fig.6 Results of turbidity current morphodynamic modelling along the San Mateo channel[ 41 ]
(a) Bed elevation and turbidity-current interface change along the channel thalweg in response； (b) Variation in the densimetric Froude number
图7 FLOW-3D初始模型图和效果图[ 23 ]
Fig.7 FLOW-3D initial model diagram and rendering[ 23 ]
表2 对比不同探测设备之间的差异性
Table 2 Comparison of the differences between different detection equipments
研究区域 水深/m 探测设备及相关参数 周期阶坎特征（波长L，波高H）
作业方式 人工地震 多波束 浅地层剖面
大巴哈马台地西南斜坡[ 13 , 14 ] 600~800 船测 震源：mini GI枪；垂向分辨率：1.5~2.5 m 网格尺寸：7.5 m 探测深度：海底以下0~50 m，垂向分辨率：1 m

L:96~117 m

H:3.5~4.3 m
美国San Metro水道[ 41 ] 200~800 AUV搭载，距离海底50 m - 垂向分辨率：0.3 m，水平分辨率：1.5 m 探测深度：海底以下0~30 m，垂向分辨率：0.1 m

L:300~1 100 m

H:20~50 m
非洲Rio Muni盆地[ 49 ] 1 660~2 080 船测 主频：50 Hz，垂向分辨率：10 m - -

L:506~1 374 m

H:10~41 m
南海西澎湖峡谷[ 11 ] 2 145~2 950 船测 主频：30~45 Hz，垂向分辨率：11~17 m 垂向分辨率：优于水深0.5% -

L:1 347~4 730 m

H:17~146 m
加拿大东部海域[ 47 ] 4 000~5 000 船测、深拖 深拖，电火花震源主频：1.5 kHz，垂向分辨率：1.5 m；船测，震源：GI枪，垂向分辨率：4~10 m 船测，网格尺寸：60 m 船测，探测深度：海底以下0~5 m，垂向分辨率：1 m

L:600~4 000 m

H:10~50 m
图8 周期阶坎野外露头剖面线和中泓线示意图
Fig.8 Line of outcrop profile and thalweg of cyclic steps
表3 对比不同模拟方法之间的差异性
Table 3 Comparison of the differences between different simulation methods
模拟方法 优缺点
数值模拟 平均四方程[ 22 ] 模拟自由液面与底形的作用关系，但是，无法反馈流体内部的动态变化和实际底形的精细特征
FLOW-3D 模拟流体和底形的相互作用，揭示泥沙浓度、流速、湍流动能、弗洛德数、剪切力等参数的动态变化，但是，尚未在实际周期阶坎模拟方面取得突破
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