水下沉积物重力流与海底扇相模式研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.015

水下沉积物重力流将大量沉积物搬运至海底，形成了地球上最大的沉积体系——海底扇。综合前人研究成果，梳理水下沉积物重力流的基本概念、分类和识别标志，介绍了现代观测的重要结果和海底扇相模式的研究进展。浊流和碎屑流是重力流最主要的两类流体，浊流为逐层沉积，发育正粒序；碎屑流为整体沉积，垂向无序。由浊流转换为碎屑流的重力流称混合流，陆上洪水入海（湖）形成的浊流称异重流。现代观测的结果表明：浊流底部存在高密度层，横向结构并不都是涌浪型，浊流的持续时间可以长达1周。海底扇通常采用组构分析和层级分类进行研究，由水道、天然堤、朵体、远洋—半远洋沉积和块体搬运沉积组成。水道侧向延伸窄，发育侵蚀结构；天然堤由薄层泥—粉砂质浊积岩组成，横向呈楔形变薄；朵体侧向延伸宽，颗粒粒度集中，侵蚀结构较少。水道的层级从低到高依次为水道单元、水道复合体和水道复合体群。朵体的层级从低到高依次为层、朵体元素、朵体和朵体复合体。

关键词: 水下沉积物重力流, 浊流, 碎屑流, 海底扇, 水道, 朵体

Subaqueous sediment gravity flow is the volumetrically most important process transporting sediment across our planet, which forms its largest sediment accumulations (submarine fan). Based on the previous studies, we tried to clear up the concept, classification and identification of subaqueous sediment gravity flow, and introduced the progress of modern direct observation and submarine fan model. Turbidity current and debris flow are two of the most important parts of the gravity flow, the former deposits layer by layer with normal gradation while the latter is en masse settling with chaotic disorder. The turbidity current transformed into the debris flow during the transportation is called hybrid flow. The hyperpycnal flow is the turbidity current formed by flood discharges into the ocean/lake. Modern direct observations show that the turbidity current can contain dense basal layers and last for a week. The structure of turbidity current can be different from those surge-like turbidity current observed in laboratory. Submarine fans are mainly composed of channel, levee, lobe, background deposits and mass transport deposits, which should be studied by architecture analysis and hierarchical classification. The channel deposits extend narrowly with abundant erosion structures; levee deposits are composed of thin layer mud-silty turbidites, wedge thinning laterally; the lobe deposits extend well laterally with narrow range of grain size. The hierarchy of channel deposits is channel unit, channel complex and channel complex system. The hierarchy of lobe deposits is bed, lobe element, lobe and lobe complex.

Key words: Subaqueous sediment gravity flow, Turbidity current, Debris flow, Submarine fan, Channel, Lobe.

中图分类号:

P512.2

表1 水下沉积物重力流的分类（据参考文献[ 28 ]修改）

Table 1 The classification of subaqueous sediment gravity flow （ modified after reference[ 28 ])

水下沉积物重力流	流体性质	流体类型			沉积物支撑机制
	液态	流体态流	浊流	低密度浊流	流体紊流
				高密度浊流
			流体化流		逃逸孔隙流体（完全支撑）
			液化流		逃逸孔隙流体（部分支撑）
	塑性	碎屑流
			颗粒流泥流或黏性碎屑流		基质强度为主、离散压力

表1 水下沉积物重力流的分类（据参考文献[ 28 ]修改）

Table 1 The classification of subaqueous sediment gravity flow （ modified after reference[ 28 ])

水下沉积物重力流	流体性质	流体类型			沉积物支撑机制
	液态	流体态流	浊流	低密度浊流	流体紊流
				高密度浊流
			流体化流		逃逸孔隙流体（完全支撑）
			液化流		逃逸孔隙流体（部分支撑）
	塑性	碎屑流
			颗粒流泥流或黏性碎屑流		基质强度为主、离散压力

图1 水下沉积物重力流的分类（据参考文献[ 29 ]修改）

Fig.1 The classification of subaqueous sediment gravity flow （modified after reference [ 29 ])

表2 对水下沉积物重力流的分类 ^{[

3
]}

Table 2 The classification of subaqueous sediment gravity flow ^{[

3
]}

水下沉积物重力流	流体类型		沉积特征		沉积物支撑机制
	浊流	低密度浊流	逐层沉积	加积慢，发育包括交错层理在内的各种底形，浊积层侧向减薄	流体紊流
		高密度浊流		加积快，块状或发育平行层理，侧向层厚较稳定	抑制的紊流，颗粒间相互作用和孔隙压力
	碎屑流	低强度碎屑流	整体沉积	沉积厚度小于1 m，碎屑直径不超过数毫米	基质强度为主，同时存在孔隙压力，浮力和颗粒间相互作用
		中强度碎屑流		沉积厚度小于2 m，碎屑直径可至数米
		高强度碎屑流		沉积厚度大于10 m，碎屑直径可超过10 m

表2 对水下沉积物重力流的分类 ^{[

3
]}

Table 2 The classification of subaqueous sediment gravity flow ^{[

3
]}

水下沉积物重力流	流体类型		沉积特征		沉积物支撑机制
	浊流	低密度浊流	逐层沉积	加积慢，发育包括交错层理在内的各种底形，浊积层侧向减薄	流体紊流
		高密度浊流		加积快，块状或发育平行层理，侧向层厚较稳定	抑制的紊流，颗粒间相互作用和孔隙压力
	碎屑流	低强度碎屑流	整体沉积	沉积厚度小于1 m，碎屑直径不超过数毫米	基质强度为主，同时存在孔隙压力，浮力和颗粒间相互作用
		中强度碎屑流		沉积厚度小于2 m，碎屑直径可至数米
		高强度碎屑流		沉积厚度大于10 m，碎屑直径可超过10 m

图2 水下沉积物重力流的沉积序列^{[

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,

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,

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]}
(a) 浊流沉积，显示正递变与牵引流结构 ^{[

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]}；(b) 碎屑流沉积，整体混乱无序 ^{[

3
]}；(c) 混合流沉积，底部为浊流沉积，向上为碎屑流沉积，顶部为稀释的浊流沉积 ^{[

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]}；(d) 异重流沉积，底部发育逆粒序，向上为典型浊流沉积，发育侵蚀界面 ^{[

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]}

Fig.2 The sedimentary sequences of subaqueous sediment gravity flow^{[

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,

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,

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(a) Turbidite with normal grading and traction flow structure ^{[

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]}； (b) Debrite with chaotic disorder ^{[

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]}； (c) Hybrid event bed composed by bottom turbidite, milled debrite and upper dilute turbidity current deposits ^{[

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]}； (d) Hyperpycnal flow deposits with bottom inverse grading and erosive contacts ^{[

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]}

图3 水下沉积物重力流沉积的野外照片
(a) 发育鲍马序列的浊流沉积，Ta发育正粒序，Tb发育平行层理，Tc发育交错层理，Td发育水平层理；(b)块状厚层砂岩，无粒序；(c) 碎屑流沉积与浊流沉积，其中碎屑流沉积含大量杂乱无序的碎屑 ^{[

36
]}；(d) 混合流沉积，见“三明治结构”，由底部的浊流沉积、中间的碎屑流沉积和顶部较为稀释的浊流沉积组成

Fig.3 Field photographs of subaqueous sediment gravity flow deposits
(a) Turbidite with Bouma sequence, Ta with normal grading, Tb with parallel bedding, Tc with cross bedding, Td with horizontal bedding； (b) Massive turbidite with non-grading； (c) Debrite and turbidite, of which the debrite comprise many disordered clasts ^{[

36
]}； (d) Hybrid event bed with bottom turbidite, middle debrite and upper dilute turbidity current deposits

图4 异重流航拍照片^{[

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]}
流体在下潜区后沿海底运动，箭头指示水流方向

Fig.4 Aerial photograph of a hyperpycnal flow^{[

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]}
The current flow along the seafloor after plunging, arrow indicates
the flow direction

图5 刚果峡谷与实验模拟的浊流结构对比^{[

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]}
(a) 实验模拟的涌浪式浊流结构，头部大而慢；(b) 刚果峡谷的浊流结构，头部小而快；红色实线指示流体最大速率，蓝色虚线指示流体某一时刻的垂向速率剖面，箭头指示流体相对前缘的运动方向，箭头越长速率越小

Fig.5 Turbidity current structure in laboratory experiments and Congo Canyon^{[

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]}
(a) Surge-like turbidity current in the typical laboratory experiment with a big and slow head； (b) Turbidity current in the Congo Canyon with a small and fast head. Temporal changes in maximum flow velocity are shown by red lines, and velocity profile shapes are shown by blue dotted lines, arrows denote relative movement of sediment-laden fluid with respect to the flow front

图6 蒙特利峡谷浊流演化图^{[

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Fig.6 The evolution of flow structure and composition in the Monterey Canyon^{[

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图7 海底扇沉积单元组成示意图^{[

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Fig.7 The schematic diagram of depositional elements in submarine fan^{[

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图8 海底扇水道类型示意图^{[

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Fig.8 The channel types of submarine fan^{[

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图9 海底扇沉积单元的野外照片
(a) 水道沉积，沉积物颗粒粗（粗砂—砾），底部发育槽模；(b) 天然堤与水道沉积，天然堤沉积物颗粒细（泥—粉砂），水道底部发育槽模；(c) 朵体沉积，砂岩层侧向延伸良好 ^{[

66
]}

Fig.9 Field photographs of the depositional elements in submarine fan
(a) Channel filled by coarse sands and gravels, flute developed at the base of channel； (b) Levee covered by channel, levee is composed of mud and fine sand, flute developed at the base of channel； (c) Lobe stacked by continuous sandstone layers ^{[

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]}

图10 海底扇水道单元模式^{[

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]}
(a) 欠充填水道单元，发育加积天然堤，半合并化的不同岩相，泥质/粉砂质盖层，向上变细的废弃相；(b)充填水道单元，发育欠加积天然堤/漫滩沉积，合并化的相似岩相，缺少泥质/粉砂质盖层和废弃相

Fig.10 Schematic representations of common fill styles of under-filled and filled channel elements^{[

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]}
(a) Under-filled channel element with moderate to high rate of overbank aggradation, semi-amalgamated highly heterolithic fill,common shale/silt drapes, and capped by upward fining abandonment-fill facies； (b) Filled channel element with low rate of overbank aggradation, amalgamated and less heterolithic fill, and rare shale/silt drapes

图11 朵体层级分类^{[

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,

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]}
(a) 垂向剖面图 ^{[

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]}; (b) 平面图 ^{[

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]}; (c) 野外照片 ^{[

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]}; B：层，LE：朵体元素，L：朵体，LC：朵复合体

Fig.11 Hierarchical scheme of lobes^{[

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,

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]}
(a) Vertical profile ^{[

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]}; (b) Plan form view ^{[

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]}; (c) Field photograph ^{[

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]}; B： Bed, LE： Lobe Element, L： Lobe, LC： Lobe Complex

图12 朵体受限类型示意图^{[

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(a) 完全受限；(b) 侧向受限；(c) 前缘受限；(d) 不受限；箭头指示水流方向

Fig.12 Different types of confinement in lobes^{[

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]}
(a) Ponded； (b) Laterally confined； (c) Frontally confined； (d) Unconfined； Arrows denote flow direction

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Review on Subaqueous Sediment Gravity Flow and Submarine Fan