浅谈深水块体搬运复合体的结构、成因分类以及识别方法

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.047

地球科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6): 632 -642. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.047

秦磊 ^1, ²(

),毛金昕 ^1, ²,倪凤玲 ^1, ^2, ³,徐少华 ^1, ²(

),李小刚 ^1, ²,蔡长娥 ^1, ²,尚文亮 ^1, ²,刘家恺 ^1, ²

^1.重庆科技学院复杂油气田勘探开发重庆市重点实验室，重庆 401331
^2.重庆科技学院石油与天然气工程学院，重庆 401331
^3.中国石油化工股份有限公司江汉油田分公司，湖北潜江 430050

收稿日期:2020-03-11 修回日期:2020-05-08 出版日期:2020-06-10
通讯作者: 徐少华 E-mail:ql_stone@163.com;xsh_xu@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目“陆架边缘三角洲体系供源速率的侧向差异对地层叠加样式的控制——以珠江口盆地SQ13.8为例”(41902114);重庆科技学院研究生科技创新训练计划项目“强制海退体系域的地震响应临界条件及其控制因素”(YKJCX1920113)

A Brief Introduction to Deep-Water Mass-Transport Complexes: Structures, Genetic Classifications and Identification Methods

Lei Qin ^1, ²( ),Jinxin Mao ^1, ²,Fengling Ni ^1, ^2, ³,Shaohua Xu ^1, ²( ),Xiaogang Li ^1, ²,Change Cai ^1, ²,Wenliang Shang ^1, ²,Jiakai Liu ^1, ²

^1.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Complex Oil and Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
^2.School of Petroleum Engineering, Chongqing University of Science Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
^3.China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Jianghan Oilfield Branch, Qianjiang Hubei 430050, China

Received:2020-03-11 Revised:2020-05-08 Online:2020-06-10 Published:2020-07-06
Contact: Shaohua Xu E-mail:ql_stone@163.com;xsh_xu@163.com
About author:Qin Lei （1995-）， male， Chongqing City， Master student. Research areas include oil and gas exploration geological engineering. E-mail： ql_stone@163.com
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Control of stratigraphic patterns by lateral difference of sediment rate in the shelf margin delta system-a case study from SQ13.8 in the Pearl River Mouth Basin”(41902114);The Chongqing University of Science and Technology College Students Science and Technology Innovation Training Program “Critical conditions and control factors of seismic response in the domain of falling stage systems tract”(YKJCX1920113)

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全球普遍发育的块体搬运复合体是深水地层的重要组成单元，广泛分布在大陆边缘和陆相湖盆中。系统认识块体搬运复合体有助于拓展深水油气勘探领域和评价海底工程地质风险。典型的块体搬运复合体由头部拉张区、体部滑移区和趾部挤压区3个部分组成，三者在顺坡搬运过程中，存在由头部到趾部依次演变的关系。基于沉积物搬运过程和不同阶段流体性质，将块体搬运复合体分为滑动岩、滑塌岩和碎屑岩3类，分别对应搬运过程的弹性形变、弹性和塑性形变以及塑性形变阶段。块体搬运复合体在三维地震平面图通常可根据其沉积物的流动方向（顺坡方向）依次识别出头部陡崖、体部滑塌褶皱和趾部挤压脊等构造单元，剖面上以弱—中振幅反射和丘状—长条状外形为特征，具有不规则顶底界面。测井上块体搬运复合体具有顶底界面突变的曲线响应。露头上块体搬运复合体通常具有一种或多种沉积构造，比如块状构造、滑塌褶皱和泥质撕裂屑等。块体搬运复合体与浊积岩的主要区别在于块体搬运复合体整体以“冻结式”搬运沉积，具有“长条形—似扇形”的斜坡组合形态，垂向上沉积厚度大，无明显粒序分异特征，地层倾角常大于浊积岩沉积地层。

关键词: 深水块体搬运复合体, 沉积结构, 成因分类, 识别标志

Mass-Transport Complexes (MTCs) are important components of deep-water systems, and widely distributed in continental margins and lake basins. Understanding MTCs is helpful for expanding the targets of deep-water hydrocarbon exploration and for evaluating geological risks of subsea engineering. Typical MTCs consist of three parts: the head tension area, body slip area, and toe compression area. During the transportation of MTCs, these three domains come into being successively. MTCs can be classified into three types: slide rock, slump rock, and debris rock, based on the sediment transport process and fluid properties, and they respectively correspond to elastic deformation, elastic and plastic deformation and plastic deformation stages. In 3D seismic plan, according to the direction of sediment flow (the slope direction), some depositional elements of MTCs, such as head cliffs, body folds, and toe squeeze ridges, can be clearly identified in proper order, and in seismic profiles MTCs are characterized by weak-medium amplitude reflections, mound-like shapes, and irregular top/bottom interfaces. In conventional log data, MTCs are commonly responded as abrupt shifts at their top/bottom interfaces. In outcrop data, MTCs have several kinds of sedimentary structures, such as massive textures, sliding folds, and mud lumps. Compared with turbidites, MTCs have many distinct characteristics. For example, MTCs are deposited from sediments transported through a "frozen" manner and have an "elongate-fan-like" slope morphology, a relative large thickness. Furthermore, MTCs can be characterized by no obvious features of grading differentiation and relatively large stratigraphic dips.

Key words: Deep-water mass-transport complexes, Sedimentary structure, Genetic classification, Identification marks

中图分类号:

P618.13

图1 MTCs沉积模式图及其对应岩性特征
(a)MTCs沉积模式图 ^{[

17
]}；(b)~(d)MTCs岩心照片，显示MTCs不同沉积部位的岩性特征 ^{[

12
,

13
]}

Fig.1 The sedimentary model and litholoyical characteristics of MTCs
(a)A sedimentary model of MTCs ^{[

17
]}; (b)~(d)The core photographs of MTCs, displaying lithological characteristics of different sedimentary parts ^{[

12
,

13
]}

表1 MTCs不同沉积阶段的特征

Table 1 The features of different deposition stages of MTCs

部位	力学性质	流体性质	构造特征	平面形态	平面展布	侵蚀能力	变形结构	坡度
头部	弹力释放	滑动	后壁、侧壁、犁式正断层	新月形	小	弱	不发育	陡
体部	重力卸载	滑塌	滑塌褶皱、剪切槽	长条形	中等	强	发育	较陡
趾部	挤压应力汇聚	碎屑流	挤压脊、逆冲断层	似扇形	大	较弱	发育	缓

表1 MTCs不同沉积阶段的特征

Table 1 The features of different deposition stages of MTCs

部位	力学性质	流体性质	构造特征	平面形态	平面展布	侵蚀能力	变形结构	坡度
头部	弹力释放	滑动	后壁、侧壁、犁式正断层	新月形	小	弱	不发育	陡
体部	重力卸载	滑塌	滑塌褶皱、剪切槽	长条形	中等	强	发育	较陡
趾部	挤压应力汇聚	碎屑流	挤压脊、逆冲断层	似扇形	大	较弱	发育	缓

表2 MTCs的分类

Table 2 The classifications of MTCs

分类标准	分类结果	参考文献
颗粒支撑机制	颗粒流、碎屑流、液化沉积物流	[ 24 ]
外部形态	扇形体系、非扇形体系	[ 25 ]
物源位置	附属型、非附属型	[ 26 ]
搬运过程及流体力学性质	蠕滑、滑动、滑塌、塑性流	[ 27 ]
流体力学性质和沉积物浓度	滑动、滑塌、碎屑流	[ 28 , 29 ]

表2 MTCs的分类

Table 2 The classifications of MTCs

分类标准	分类结果	参考文献
颗粒支撑机制	颗粒流、碎屑流、液化沉积物流	[ 24 ]
外部形态	扇形体系、非扇形体系	[ 25 ]
物源位置	附属型、非附属型	[ 26 ]
搬运过程及流体力学性质	蠕滑、滑动、滑塌、塑性流	[ 27 ]
流体力学性质和沉积物浓度	滑动、滑塌、碎屑流	[ 28 , 29 ]

图2 基于搬运过程和流体性质的MTCs分类（据参考文献[ 28 , 29 ]修改）

Fig.2 The classifications of MTCs based on transport process and fluid properties(modified after references［28，29］)

图3 MTCs的地震资料识别特征
(a)巴西东南部圣埃斯皮里图盆地MTCs三维地震平面图，MTCs以头部陡崖、体部滑塌褶皱和趾部挤压脊为特征 ^{[

33
]}；(b)某典型峡谷水深及波列分布图，非对称的浊流波状底形向上游迁移 ^{[

34
]}；(c)摩洛哥海域下古新统地震剖面，内部见保存完好的一个单独滑动块体 ^{[

35
]}；(d)特立尼达海域上更新统MTCs地震剖面图，图中出现一些挤压逆冲，指示了MTCs内部的局部挤压，垂直比例放大约10倍 ^{[

36
]}

Fig.3 The recognition characteristics of seismic data of MTCs
(a)The three-dimensional seismic plan of MTCs in Espirito Santo Basin on the SE Brazilian margin, characterized by head cliffs, body folds, and toe squeeze ridges ^{[

33
]}; (b)Bathymetric image and cyclic steps along typical canyon, characterized by unsymmetrical turbidity wave bottom shape migrates upstream ^{[

34
]}; (c)The seismic profile of the Lower Paleozoic in the Moroccan waters, with a single well-preserved sliding block inside ^{[

35
]}; (d)Seismic profile across an uppermost Pleistocene MTCs, offshore Trinidad, several thrust slides are present, indicating local contraction within the MTCs, vertical exaggeration is about 10∶1 ^{[

36
]}

图4 MTCs的测井资料识别特征
(a)亚马孙扇的ODP155航次933A站位块体搬运沉积的自然伽马、电阻率、速度、密度和孔隙度曲线 ^{[

37
]}；(b)亚马孙扇ODP155航次933A站位的地层倾角方位图 ^{[

38
]}

Fig.4 The identification characteristics of logging data
(a)The natural gamma, resistivity, velocity, density, and porosity curves of the Amazon Fan's ODP155 voyage 933A block transport deposit ^{[

37
]}; (b)The azimuth map of the Amazon fan ODP155 voyage 933A ^{[

38
]}

图5 MTCs露头资料识别特征
(a)西爱尔兰上石炭统Ross海底，滑动体上覆平坦的水道充填 ^{[

39
]}；(b)西班牙南部Tabernas盆地上中新统，滑塌岩地层发生一系列褶皱变形且被倾角很缓的水道充填 ^{[

40
]}；(c)西班牙东北部始新世大陆斜坡地层中的碎屑岩 ^{[

42
]}

Fig.5 The outcrop identification features of MTCs
(a)The sliding body is filled with a flat channel in the upper Carboniferous Ross seafloor of Western Ireland ^{[

39
]}; (b)A series of folds and deformations occurred in the slump rock formation and were filled with water channels with very low dips in the Upper Miocene of the Tabernas Basin ^{[

40
]}; (c)Phototgraph of floating clasts in a thin debrite, Eoceneslope strata of Sant Llorenc del Munt, northeastern Spain ^{[

42
]}

表3 MTCs与浊积岩识别标志 (据参考文献[ 6 ]修改 )

Table 3 The identification marks of MTCs and turbidite (modified after reference[ 6 ])

搬运方式	岩石类型	形成过程示意图	沉积物浓度/%	力学、流变学特征	识别标志
搬运方式	岩石类型	形成过程示意图	沉积物浓度/%	力学、流变学特征	沉积特征	粒度分析	地震特征	地震剖面
块体流	滑动岩		100	弹性形变	无明显形变，伴随强烈旋转	C-M图具多段式的分布特征	弱—中振幅、杂乱反射；不规则顶界面，底部侵蚀发育
	滑塌岩		100	弹性形变塑性形变	同沉积变形非常发育
	碎屑岩		>25	塑性形变	块状砂岩为主，见泥岩漂砾
浊流	浊积岩		<23	黏性流变	发育正粒序层理	平行C-M基线	中—强振幅、短轴状反射轴，底部侵蚀较发育

表3 MTCs与浊积岩识别标志 (据参考文献[ 6 ]修改 )

Table 3 The identification marks of MTCs and turbidite (modified after reference[ 6 ])

搬运方式	岩石类型	形成过程示意图	沉积物浓度/%	力学、流变学特征	识别标志
搬运方式	岩石类型	形成过程示意图	沉积物浓度/%	力学、流变学特征	沉积特征	粒度分析	地震特征	地震剖面
块体流	滑动岩		100	弹性形变	无明显形变，伴随强烈旋转	C-M图具多段式的分布特征	弱—中振幅、杂乱反射；不规则顶界面，底部侵蚀发育
	滑塌岩		100	弹性形变塑性形变	同沉积变形非常发育
	碎屑岩		>25	塑性形变	块状砂岩为主，见泥岩漂砾
浊流	浊积岩		<23	黏性流变	发育正粒序层理	平行C-M基线	中—强振幅、短轴状反射轴，底部侵蚀较发育

图6 MTCs与周围地层的储盖关系模式图
(a)富含泥质MTCs的深水地层圈闭模式图 ^{[

54
]}；(b)富含砂质MTCs的深水构造圈闭模式图 ^{[

57
]}

Fig.6 The modeles of reservoir cap relationship between MTCs and surrounding stratas
(a)A deep-water stratigraphic trap model map of muddy MTCs ^{[

54
]}; (b)A deep-water structure trap model diagram of sandy MTCs ^{[

57
]}

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