[1]Sabine C L, Feely R A, Gruber N, et al. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO₂[J]. Science, 2004, 305: 367-371.

[2]Gruber N, Gloor M, Mikaloff Fletcher S E, et al. Oceanic sources, sinks, and transport of atmospheric CO₂[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2009: GB1005, doi: 10.1029/2008GB003349.

[3]Takahashi T, Sutherland S C, Wanninkhof R, et al. Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO₂, and net sea-air CO₂ flux over the global oceans[J]. Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ, 2009, 56 (8/10): 554-577.

[4]Vandemark D, Salisbury J E, Hunt C W, et al. Temporal and spatial dynamics of CO₂ air-sea flux in the Gulf of Maine[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011, 116: C01012, doi: 10.1029/2010JC006408.

[5]Xue L, Zhang L, Cai W J, et al. Air-sea CO₂ fluxes in the southern Yellow Sea: An examination of the continental shelf pump hypothesis[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2011, 31: 1 904-1 914.

[6]Zhang L, Xue L, Song M, et al. Distribution of the surface partial pressure of CO₂ in the southern Yellow Sea and its controls[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2010, 30: 293-304.

[7]Dai M, Lu Z, Zhai W, et al. Diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO₂ in contrasting coastal environments[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2009, 54(3): 735-745.

[8]Yan Hongqiang, Yu Kefu, Shi Qi, et al. Coral reef systems in the South China Sea as a source of atmospheric CO₂[J]. China Science Bulletin, 2011, 56(6): 414-422.[严宏强，余克服，施祺，等. 南海珊瑚礁夏季是大气 CO₂的源[J].科学通报, 2011, 56(6): 414-422.]

[9]Boyd P W, Doney S C. The impac of climate change and feedback Process on the Ocean Carbon Cycle[C]∥Fasham M J R, ed. Ocean  Biogeochemistry.Berlin: Springer, 2003: 157-193.

[10]Doney S C, Tilbrook B, Roy S, et al. Surface-ocean CO₂ variability and vulnerability[J]. Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ, 2009, 56(8/10): 504-511.

[11]Ducklow H W, Doney S C, Steinberg D K. Contributions of long-term research and time-series observations to marine ecology and biogeochemistry[J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2009, 1(1): 279-302.

[12]Bates N R, Takahashi T, Chipman D W, et al. Variability of pCO₂ on diel to seasonal timescales in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998, 103(C8): 15 567-15 585.

[13]Bates N R. Interannual variability of the oceanic CO₂ sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007, 112(C9): C9013.

[14]Santana-Casiano J M, González-Dávila M, Rueda M, et al. The interannual variability of oceanic CO₂ parameters in the northeast Atlantic subtropical gyre at the ESTOC site[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, 21: GB1015, doi: 10.1029/2006GB002788.

[15]Keeling C D, Brix H, Gruber N. Seasonal and long-term dynamics of the upper ocean carbon cycle at Station ALOHA near Hawaii[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2004, 18: GB4006, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002227.

[16]Sheu D D, Chou W, Wei C, et al. Influence of El Niño on the sea-to-air CO₂ flux at the SEATS time-series site, northern South China Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115: C10021, doi:10.1029/2009JC006013.

[17]Friederich G E, Brewer P G, Herlien R, et al. Measurement of sea surface partial pressure of CO₂ from a moored buoy[J]. Deep-Sea Research Ⅰ, 1995, 42(7): 1 175-1 186.

[18]Willcox S, Meinig C, Sabine C L, et al. An autonomous mobile platform for underway surface carbon measurements in open-ocean and coastal waters[C]∥Proceedings of MTS/IEEE Oceans 2009 Conference. Biloxi, MS,2009.

[19]Leinweber A, Gruber N, Frenzel H, et al. Diurnal carbon cycling in the surface ocean and lower atmosphere of Santa Monica Bay, California[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2009, 36:L08601, doi: 10.1029/2008GL037018.

[20]Johnson K S. Simultaneous measurements of nitrate, oxygen, and carbon dioxide on oceanographic moorings: Observing the redfield ratio in real time[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2010, 55(2): 615-627.

[21]Nemoto K, Midorikawa T, Wada A, et al. Continuous observations of atmospheric and oceanic CO₂ using a moored buoy in the East China Sea: Variations during the passage of typhoons[J]. Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ, 2009, 56(8/10): 542-553.

[22]Merlivat L, Brault P. CARIOCA buoy: Carbon dioxide monitor[J]. Sea Technology, 1995, 36(10): 23-30.

[23]Lefèvre N, Ciabrini J P, Michard G, et al. A new optical sensor for pCO2 measurements in seawater[J]. Marine Chemistry, 1993, 42(3/4): 189-198.

[24]Degrandpre M D, Hammar T R, Smith S P, et al. In situ measurements of seawater pCO₂[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1995, 40(5): 969-975.

[25]Turk D, Mala I V, Degrandpre M D, et al. Carbon dioxide variability and air-sea fluxes in the northern Adriatic Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115: C10043, doi: 10.1029/2009JC006034.

[26]Kuss J, Roeder W, Wlost K P, et al. Time-series of surface water CO₂ and oxygen measurements on a platform in the central Arkona Sea (Baltic Sea): Seasonality of uptake and release[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2006, 101(3/4): 220-232.

[27]Körtzinger A, Send U, Lampitt R S, et al. The seasonal pCO2 cycle at 49°N/16.5°W in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and what it tells us about biological productivity[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008, 113: C04020, doi: 10.1029/2007JC004347.

[28]Körtzinger A, Send U, Wallace D W R, et al. Seasonal cycle of O₂ and pCO₂ in the central Labrador Sea: Atmospheric, biological, and physical implications[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2008, 22: GB1014, doi: 10.1029/2007GB003029.

[29]Martz T R, Degrandpre M D, Strutton P G, et al. Sea surface pCO2 and carbon export during the Labrador Sea spring-summer bloom: An in situ mass balance approach[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, 114: C09008, doi: 10.1029/2008JC005060.

[30]Degrandpre M D, Krtzinger A, Send U, et al. Uptake and sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ in the Labrador Sea deep convection region[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33: L21S03, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026881.

[31]Evans W, Hales B, Strutton P G. Seasonal cycle of surface ocean pCO₂ on the Oregon shelf[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011, 116: C05012, doi: 10.1029/2010JC006625.

[32]Merlivat L, Gonzalez Davila M, Caniaux G, et al. Mesoscale and diel to monthly variability of CO₂ and carbon fluxes at the ocean surface in the northeastern Atlantic[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, 114: C03010, doi: 10.1029/2007JC004657.

[33]Parard G, Lefèvre N, Boutin J. Sea water fugacity of CO₂ at the PIRATA mooring at 6° S, 10° W[J]. Tellus B, 2010, 62:636-648.

[34]Lefèvre N, Guillot A, Beaumont L, et al. Variability of fCO₂ in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic from a moored buoy[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008, 113: C01015, doi: 10.1029/2007JC004146.

[35]Bakker D C E, Etcheto J, Boutin J, et al. Variability of surface water fCO₂ during seasonal upwelling in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean as observed by a drifting buoy[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2001, 106: 9 241-9 253.

[36]Copin-Montégut C, Bégovic M, Merlivat L. Variability of the partial pressure of CO₂ on diel to annual time scales in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2004, 85(3/4): 169-189.

[37]Shadwick E H, Thomas H, Azetsu-Scott K, et al. Seasonal variability of dissolved inorganic carbon and surface water pCO2 in the Scotian Shelf region of the Northwestern Atlantic[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2012, 124: 23-37.

[38]Xue L, Xue M, Zhang L, et al. Surface partial pressure of CO₂ and air-sea exchange in the northern Yellow Sea[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2012,(105/108): 194-206.

[39]Zhang L, Xue M, Liu Q. Distribution and seasonal variation in the partial pressure of CO₂ during autumn and winter in Jiaozhou Bay, a region of high urbanization[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2012, 64:56-65.

[40]Chierici M, Fransson A, Nojiri Y. Biogeochemical processes as drivers of surface fCO₂ in contrasting provinces in the subarctic North Pacific Ocean[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2006, 20: GB1009, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002356.

[41]Takahashi T, Olafsson J, Goddard J G, et al. Seasonal variation of CO₂ and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative  study[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1993, 7(4): 843-878.

[42]Keeling C D, Whorf T P, Wahlen M, et al. Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980[J]. Nature, 1995, 375(6 533): 666-670.

[43]Bates N R. Interannual variability of oceanic CO₂ and biogeochemical properties in the Western North Atlantic subtropical gyre[J]. Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ, 2001, 48(8/9): 1 507-1 528.

[44]Wakita M, Watanabe S, Watanabe Y W, et al. Temporal change of dissolved inorganic carbon in the subsurface water at station KNOT (44 °N, 155 °E) in the western North Pacific subpolar region[J]. Journal of Oceanography, 2005, 61(1): 129-139.

[45]Wong C S, Christian J R, Emmy Wong S K, et al. Carbon dioxide in surface seawater of the eastern North Pacific Ocean (line P), 1973-2005[J]. Deep-Sea Research Ⅰ, 2010, 57: 687-695.

[46]Wanninkhof R, Asher W E, Ho D T, et al. Advances on quantifying air-sea gas exchange and envirommental forcing[J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2009, 1: 213-244.