微生物对砷的地球化学行为的影响——暨地下水砷污染机制的最新研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2006.01.0077

砷在自然界中广泛存在，近年来砷污染对人类健康造成的危害越来越引人关注。微生物在自然界中长期与砷共存，进化出不同的生物转化机制，在自然水体中微生物主要参与砷的不同氧化价态之间的转化过程，即As(V)和As(III)之间的氧化还原作用。砷酸盐异化还原菌（Dissimilatory Arsenate-Respiring Prokaryote, DARP）可以将As(V)还原为As(III)，化能自养亚砷酸盐氧化菌（Chemoautotrophic Arsenite Oxidizer, CAO）和异养亚砷酸盐氧化菌（Heterotrophic Arsenite Oxidizer, HAO）可以将As(III)氧化为As(V)。这些砷代谢微生物在分类和代谢能力上都具有很大的多样性，它们广泛参与了砷的生物地球化学循环的关键步骤，对特定环境条件下砷的地球化学行为产生重要影响，进而参与了砷的全球循环。在盐碱湖莫诺（Mono）湖中砷的不同价态分层存在，CAO与DARP的紧密偶联共同参与了莫诺湖中的砷的地球化学循环。在孟加拉三角洲的地下含水层中，微生物参与了将砷从固相迁移到水相的关键步骤，最终导致了地下水中的砷污染。

关键词: 地球化学循环, 砷, 微生物

Arsenic is widely distributed in nature and its pollution is an important issue of current public health. Although arsenic is toxic to organisms, microbes have evolved biotransformation mechanisms to live with arsenic, including gaining energy for growth from the redox of arsenic. Dissimilatory arsenate-respiring prokaryotes (DARPs) can reduce As(V) to As(III), chemoautotrophic arsenite oxidizers (CAOs) and heterotrophic arsenite oxidizers (HAOs) can oxidize As(III) to As(V). These microbes are phylogenetically diverse and remarkable in their arsenic metabolic diversity. They take part in the key steps of arsenic biogeochemical cycles, have potential impact in speciation and mobilization of arsenic in nature, and are involved in a global arsenic geocycle. The chemical speciation of arsenic in the stratified water column in Mono Lake may be explained by microbial arsenic cycling by tight coupling between CAOs and DARPs. In Bengal delta plain subsurface aquifers, these microbial reactions may mobilize arsenic from the solid phase into the aqueous phase, resulting in contaminated underground water.

Key words: Geochemical cycle, Microbe., Arsenic

中图分类号:

P593

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摘要

Influence of Microbes on Biogeochemistry of Arsenic—Mechanism of Arsenic Mobilization in Groundwater