深海热液生态系统特征及其对极端微生物的影响

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.07.0696

地球科学进展 ›› 2017, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (7): 696 -706. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.07.0696

张亮 ^1, ²(

), 秦蕴珊 ¹

1.中国科学院海洋地质与环境重点实验室,中国科学院海洋研究所,山东青岛 266071
2.海洋国家实验室海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室,山东青岛 266071

收稿日期:2017-01-23 修回日期:2017-04-17 出版日期:2017-07-20
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目“冲绳海槽中北部和南部热液活动区构造差异及控制因素研究”(编号:41406065);国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“典型弧后盆地热液活动及其成矿机理”(编号:2013CB429700)资助

The Characteristic of Deep Sea Hydrothermal Ecosystem and Their Impact on the Extreme Microorganism

Liang Zhang ^1, ²( ), Yunshan Qin ¹

1.Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
2.Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China

Received:2017-01-23 Revised:2017-04-17 Online:2017-07-20 Published:2017-07-20
About author:
First author: Zhang Liang (1985-), male, Qufu City, Shandong Province, Assistant Professor. Research areas include seafloor hydrothermal activity.E-mail:zhangliang@qdio.ac.cn
Supported by:
*Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Tectonic differences and control factors of hydrothermal fields in the central northern and southern section of Okinawa Trough” (No.41406065);The National Key Basic Research Program of China “Hydrothermal activity and ore-forming mechanism in typical back-arc basins” (No.2013CB429700)

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深海是地球上最重要的极端环境之一,发育了数量巨大的极端微生物。它们独特的生存环境、生理结构、代谢机制和共生关系成为探讨生命起源及寻找外太空生命的关键。尽管从生物学角度对极端微生物已开展了大量研究,但深海热液系统对极端微生物演化的影响仍不甚清楚。因此,在总结深海极端的理化环境和地质环境特征的基础上,分析了海底热液活动的分布特征、形成机理及其对周围生物群落种类、分布和演替规律的巨大影响。重点探讨了热液环境下各种极端微生物的生命形式及其对深海营养物质循环和生态系统演化的重要意义。目前,极端环境与生命过程的研究仍处于初级阶段,亟待加强深海原位探测和分子生物学技术的研发以及多学科交叉研究。

关键词: 深海, 极端环境, 极端微生物, 热液喷口

Deep-sea is one of the most important extreme environments on the earth. Numerous and diverse extremophiles thrive in this extreme environment, presenting distinctive physiological structure, metabolic mechanism and symbiosis relations, which provide new methods to study the origin of life and extraterrestrial life. Despite extensive studies on deep-sea extremophiles from the point of view of biology, the impacts of deep-sea hydrothermal activity on the evolution of extremophiles remain largely unknown. On the basis of summarizing features of the deep-sea ziphysicochemical and geological environment, the distribution and formation mechanism of submarine hydrothermal vents were analyzed, respectively. Hydrothermal vents have great effect on the distribution and succession of communities. Our discussion focused on the extreme life forms of microorganisms surviving in the hydrothermal ecosystem and their important significance for the nutrient cycling and ecosystem evolution. However, the research of life processes in extreme environments is still in the primary stage and more work is needed on the in-situ detection technique, molecular biology and interdisciplinary research.

Key words: Deep-sea, Extreme environment, Extremophiles, Hydrothermal vents.

中图分类号:

P735

图1 全球洋中脊扩张速度示意图

Fig.1 The spreading rate of the global mid ocean ridge system

图2 现代洋底热液系统分布略图 ^{[

28
]}
方框表示确认的,圆圈表示推测的,蓝色表示2000年前发现的,红色表示2000年后发现的

Fig.2 The distribution map of modern hydrothermal activity fields ^{[

28
]}
Squares are confirmed vents, circles are inferred vents.Vents are discovered and/or confirmed prior to (blue) or after (red) year 2000

图3 热液系统形成过程和机理的示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram offormation process and mechanism of hydrothermal vents

表1 热液柱化学成分与正常海水对比 ^{[

37
]}

Table 1 The comparison of chemical composition between hydrothermal plume and normal sea water ^{[

37
]}

成分	正常海水	热液柱
CH₄/(nL/L)	<10	8 900
³He/(nL/L)	5.5×10^-5	0.8~13
Mn/(ng/L)	40	680

表1 热液柱化学成分与正常海水对比 ^{[

37
]}

Table 1 The comparison of chemical composition between hydrothermal plume and normal sea water ^{[

37
]}

成分	正常海水	热液柱
CH₄/(nL/L)	<10	8 900
³He/(nL/L)	5.5×10^-5	0.8~13
Mn/(ng/L)	40	680

图4 大洋中脊热液柱的运动形态示意图 ^{[

39
]}

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the movement pattern of hydrothermal plume ^{[

39
]}

图5 “科学号”ROV在南海北部冷泉区拍摄的贻贝等生物群落及采集的甲烷气体(此图引自WPOS专项2014年第2期(总第3期)简报)

Fig.5 The seep mussel pictured by ROV of vessel “KE XUE” and methane gas collected in tube, northern South China Sea

图6 冲绳海槽热液区喷口处“雪花状”的细菌和古菌

Fig.6 The snowflake shaped of bacteria and ancient bacteria above the hydrothermal vent in the OK

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