海洋微塑料源汇搬运过程的研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.09.0936

地球科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (9): 936 -949. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.09.0936

海洋微塑料源汇搬运过程的研究进展

张晓栋(

),刘志飞(

),张艳伟,赵玉龙

同济大学海洋地质国家重点实验室，上海 200092

收稿日期:2019-06-19 修回日期:2019-08-10 出版日期:2019-09-10
通讯作者: 刘志飞 E-mail:zhangxiaodong@tongji.edu.cn;lzhifei@tongji.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重大研究计划集成项目“南海深海沉积过程与机制”(91528304);国家重点研发计划项目“南海南部巽他陆架沉积古环境演变”(2018YFE0202402)

Research Progress on Source-to-Sink Transport Processes of Marine Microplastics

Xiaodong Zhang( ),Zhifei Liu( ),Yanwei Zhang,Yulong Zhao

State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Received:2019-06-19 Revised:2019-08-10 Online:2019-09-10 Published:2019-11-15
Contact: Zhifei Liu E-mail:zhangxiaodong@tongji.edu.cn;lzhifei@tongji.edu.cn
About author:Zhang Xiaodong (1992-), male, Taian City, Shandong Province, Ph.D student. Research areas include observation on deep-sea sedimentation and transport process. E-mail: zhangxiaodong@tongji.edu.cn
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Deep-sea sedimentation process and mechanism in the South China Sea”(91528304);The National Key Research and Development Program of China “Evolution of sedimentary environment and paleoclimate of the Sunda shelf in southern South China Sea”(2018YFE0202402)

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海洋微塑料是全球性的环境问题和挑战，受到了国际社会的广泛关注。然而，现阶段研究主要集中在调查海洋表层微塑料丰度及生态效应，对深海环境中微塑料的分布和沉积搬运过程认识不足。通过总结近10年海洋微塑料的相关研究，综述了海洋微塑料来源、分布以及从源到汇的搬运过程。实地调查表明，海洋表层和水柱都是海洋微塑料的重要聚集区，而深海表层沉积物却是海洋微塑料最终沉积聚集的汇。海洋微塑料搬运到深海沉积汇的过程包括2种方式：垂向沉降和侧向搬运。实验室模拟表明，海洋中微塑料颗粒沉降速率为300～1 000 m/d，沉降过程除了受控于颗粒密度等物理学性质外，还受海洋动力过程、生物作用和海洋雪聚集等因素的影响。沉积在海底的微塑料则可以随再悬浮沉积物向深海侧向运移，该过程与内波、深海浊流或气候事件等因素有关。但是，微塑料向深海搬运的速率和数量等问题远未解决，不利于全面理解海洋微塑料从源到汇的搬运和沉积过程。因此，建议利用分层沉积物捕集器原位观测微塑料的沉降通量，以便开展深海微塑料源汇搬运过程研究。

关键词: 海洋微塑料, 搬运过程, 从源到汇, 深海

Microplastics in marine environment are global environmental issue and challenge and have received an extensive international concern. At present, most of researches focus on the investigation of microplastic abundance in the ocean surface water, and there is insufficient understanding of the distribution and transport processes of microplastics in the deep-sea environment. This paper reviewed marine microplastic studies carried out in the last decade, and summarized the source, global distribution and transport processes of microplastics. Field investigations showed that both surface water and water column were important accumulation areas for microplastics, while deep-sea surface sediments were final sinks for microplastic deposition and accumulation. Transport of microplastics to the deep sea included two modes: vertical settlement and lateral transport. Laboratory simulation showed that the sinking rate of microplastic particles in the ocean changed between 300 and 1 000 meters per day, and the sinking process was not solely controlled by particle physical properties such as particle density, but also influenced by ocean dynamic process, biological action and marine snow aggregation. Microplastics deposited on the seafloor could migrate laterally towards the deep sea with resuspended sediments, which were related to internal waves, deep-sea turbidity current or climatic events. However, there remain the key knowledge gaps in uncertain speed and quantity of microplastics moving to the deep sea, which is not conducive to the comprehensive understanding of the microplastic transport process from source to sink. Therefore, it is recommended to observe the vertical sinking flux of microplastics with layered sediment traps in order to study the source-to-sink transport processes of microplastics in deep-sea environment.

Key words: Microplastics, Transport process, Source-to-sink, Deep-sea environment.

中图分类号:

图1 全球大洋表层塑料碎屑数量（a）和质量（b）丰度分布^{[

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数据来自1972—2013年27项海洋表层漂浮塑料碎屑研究和11 854次表层拖网调查结果

Fig.1 Numerical (a) and mass (b) abundance distribution of global plastic debris floating on sea surface^{[

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Data were obtained from total 27 floating debris studies with 11 854 surface trawls carried out between 1971 and 2013

图2 蒙特利湾5～1 000 m水柱中微塑料含量垂向分布^{[

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Fig.2 Microplastic concentrations varied across sample depths ranging from 5 to 1 000 m, in the offshore waters of the Monterey Bay^{[

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图3 东北太平洋近海表（水深4.5 m）微塑料含量分布^{[

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Fig.3 Total microplastic concentrations in near-surface waters (4.5 m) of the NE Pacific Ocean^{[

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图4 马里亚纳海沟深层海水（a）和海底表层沉积物（b）中微塑料分布及组成^{[

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Fig.4 Profile of microplastic abundances and compositions in hadal water (a) and sediments (b) from Mariana Trench^{[

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图5 水柱实验测试微塑料物理性质对其沉降速度的影响^{[

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微圆柱体（红色虚线）是底面圆直径与高相等的特殊圆柱体，其形状近似天然颗粒；Δ ρ/ ρ表示微塑料颗粒相对于海水的过剩密度

Fig.5 Predicted settling velocities of microplastic particles of different physical characteristics^{[

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Short isometric cylinders (red dash-dot curves) were circular rods with diameters equal to the length, approximating the natural grains; Δρ/ρ represent the relative excess densities of particles to seawater

图6 海洋动力状态对海表边界层（<0.25 m）微塑料碎片含量的影响^{[

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（a）海洋表层塑料碎屑含量数据来自708个航次调查结果，碎屑含量超过4×10 ⁵ p/km ²的24个数据点没有显示；（b）航次调查结果（红线）和基于波平均纳维—斯托克斯方程的大尺度涡模拟结果（黑线），模型采用恒定的上浮速度1.4 cm/s；（c）航次调查全部结果（灰点）和海面10 m高度风速5～7 m/s情况下的结果（黑色加号）

Fig.6 Sea surface (<0.25 m)plastic concentrations influenced by ocean dynamic state^{[

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(a) Surface plastic concentrations derived from a total of 708 observations, the 24 largest plastic concentration values greater than 4×10 ⁵ p/km ² are not shown; (b) Regression lines for the observations (red line) and for the large eddy simulations (black lines) of the wave-averaged Navier-Stokes equation, given a terminal buoyant rise velocity as 1.4 cm/s; (c) Surface plastic concentrations of all observations (gray dots) and subsampled observations (black pluses) for 5＜ U ₁₀＜7 m/s

图7 实验室人工海洋雪对微塑料沉降速度的影响^{[

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Fig.7 Images of marine snows with incorporated polymers and effect on sinking rates^{[

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图8 纳扎雷峡谷模型观测箱中高密度微塑料残留时间^{[

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（a）2009年春/夏季共101天模拟结果；（b）2011年秋/冬季共101天模拟结果；观测箱按编号1～4沿峡谷轴部向下分布

Fig.8 Residence times of high-density benthic marine microplastic pellets in each monitor box of the Nazaré Canyon model simulation^{[

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(a) 101-day model run of spring/ summer 2009; (b) 101-day model run of autumn/ winter 2011; Locations of the monitor boxes 1～4 were along the canyon axis

图9 北冰洋海冰冰芯中微塑料含量分布及迁移路径^{[

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（a）冰芯（A～E和Ha～Hd）位置和北冰洋表层洋流系统；（b）微塑料总数量分布；（c）微塑料组份含量分布；（d）除A和Ha外的海冰冰芯漂移轨迹

Fig.9 Microplastic content and pathway of sea ice cores in the Central Arctic^{[

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(a)Positions of sea ice cores (A～E and Ha～Hd) and a schematic view of surface current systems in the Arctic; (b) Total microplastic particle load; (c) Average % composition of microplastic polymers; (d) Drift trajectories of sea ice cores except core A and Ha

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