环境同位素在黑河流域水循环研究中的应用

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.10.1158

为了解不同时空尺度上黑河流域水循环机制,总结了近年来黑河流域进行的氘氧稳定同位素以及氚、碳和氡放射性同位素研究(²H,¹⁸O,³H,¹⁴C,²²²Rn),得到各类水体(降水、河水、地下水)采样点的分布及分析结果。稳定同位素结果表明上游山区降水是全流域主要的水资源产生区,中游地表—地下水交互频繁,下游浅层地下水主要接受河水补给,深层地下水则相对封闭。放射性同位素也表明下游浅层地下水年龄小于深层,与稳定同位素结果相符。总体来说,环境同位素对黑河流域的水循环研究还处于定性研究阶段。今后研究方向应致力于丰富采样的时空尺度, 同时采用多种同位素并结合其他地球化学指标以定量研究结果,并将结果应用于水文数学模型的构建和校正。

关键词: 同位素, 黑河, 补给来源, 地表—地下水交换, 地下水年龄

Recent studies using environmental isotopes (²H, ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹⁸O, and ²²²Rn) were summarized to trace hydrological processes in the Heihe River Basin (HRB). Isotopic values from various types of waters (i.e., precipitation, surface water, and groundwater) at multiple spatiotemporal scales within the basin have been synthesized. The measurements of δD and δ¹⁸O values show that: precipitation in the upper-basin constitutes the primary source for surface water and shallow groundwater in the HRB; frequent surface water-shallow groundwater exchanges take place mainly in the middle HRB; and in the lower HRB, shallow groundwater is recharged primarily by river water while deep groundwater is largely isolated from modern recharge sources. This finding for the lower HRB is further confirmed by ¹⁴C and ³H measurements, which demonstrate that shallow, unconfined groundwater is younger than deep, confined groundwater. Future research should be focused more on increasing sampling resolution in time and space, utilizing multiple isotopes in tandem with other geochemical tracers for more quantitative research, as well as integrating results from isotope-based, geochemical investigations into construction and calibration of numerical models.

Key words: Environmental isotope, Heihe River Basin, Groundwater recharge sources, Surface water-groundwater interactions, Groundwater age

中图分类号:

P339

表1

Table 1 Research objectives of using environmental isotopes within the Heihe Basin.

同位素类型	研究目的
²H、¹⁸O	流域水汽来源及水源区的确定^{[ 8 ~ 12 ]} 降水的同位素效应^{[ 13 ~ 15 ]} 地表径流组成来源分析^{[ 11 , 16 , 17 ]} 不同地区地下水补给规律^{[ 17 ~ 27 ]} 灌溉对地下水补给的影响^{[ 18 , 28 ]} 地下水水流系统划分^{[ 24 , 29 ]} 地表地下水转换规律研究^{[ 30 , 31 ]} 流域水循环过程与规律分析^{[ 32 ~ 34 ]} 古气候变化的推测^{[ 35 ]}
³H 、¹⁴C	地下水补给来源研究^{[ 20 , 29 , 36 ~ 44 ]} 地下水地球化学演化规律研究^{[ 35 , 45 ]} 流域地下水年龄研究^{[ 46 , 47 ]} 流域地下水水流系统划分^{[ 33 , 48 ~ 51 ]}
²²²Rn	地下水排泄量以及与地表水的转换关系^{[ 7 , 52 ]}

表1

Table 1 Research objectives of using environmental isotopes within the Heihe Basin.

同位素类型	研究目的
²H、¹⁸O	流域水汽来源及水源区的确定^{[ 8 ~ 12 ]} 降水的同位素效应^{[ 13 ~ 15 ]} 地表径流组成来源分析^{[ 11 , 16 , 17 ]} 不同地区地下水补给规律^{[ 17 ~ 27 ]} 灌溉对地下水补给的影响^{[ 18 , 28 ]} 地下水水流系统划分^{[ 24 , 29 ]} 地表地下水转换规律研究^{[ 30 , 31 ]} 流域水循环过程与规律分析^{[ 32 ~ 34 ]} 古气候变化的推测^{[ 35 ]}
³H 、¹⁴C	地下水补给来源研究^{[ 20 , 29 , 36 ~ 44 ]} 地下水地球化学演化规律研究^{[ 35 , 45 ]} 流域地下水年龄研究^{[ 46 , 47 ]} 流域地下水水流系统划分^{[ 33 , 48 ~ 51 ]}
²²²Rn	地下水排泄量以及与地表水的转换关系^{[ 7 , 52 ]}

图1 黑河流域环境同位素取样点分布

Fig.1 Spatial distribution of sampling sites of previous environmental isotope studies in the Heihe River Basin

表2 黑河中上游氘氧降水线关系

Table 1 Regional meteoric water lines in the upper and middle Heihe Basin

研究区域	降水关系线	参考文献
上游山区【[1][54][54]		[54] 上游低山区
上游山区仵彦卿		[4] 中游盆地
上游山区		[11]区、、、、
张掖地区		[12]
上游山区		[10] 中游盆地

表2 黑河中上游氘氧降水线关系

Table 1 Regional meteoric water lines in the upper and middle Heihe Basin

研究区域	降水关系线	参考文献
上游山区【[1][54][54]		[54] 上游低山区
上游山区仵彦卿		[4] 中游盆地
上游山区		[11]区、、、、
张掖地区		[12]
上游山区		[10] 中游盆地

图2 黑河流域浅层地下水补给来源及盆地水力联系示意图图中问号处古日乃与巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地下水的补给方向还存在争议

Fig.2 A conceptual diagram of the spatial distribution of shallow groundwater recharge sources and sub-basin hydraulic connections within the Heihe River Basin “?” denotes that the direction of groundwater recharge between Gurinai and Badain Jaran Desert remains debatable

图3 黑河流域地表-地下水交换方向示意图向上箭头表示地下水补给河水为主;向下箭头表示河水补给地下水为主

Fig.3 A conceptual diagram describing the directions of surface-ground-water exchanges in the Heihe River Basin The up arrows indicate that groundwater discharges to river water while the down arrows indicate that groundwater is recharged by river water

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Application of Environmental Isotopes in Understanding Hydrological Processes of the Heihe River Basin