地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (11): 1112 -1128. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.096

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

南海中尺度涡旋预报研究进展
朱学明1(), 王海龙2, 郭绍敬1, 张旭日1   
  1. 1.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海) 中山大学海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519082
    2.广东海洋大学 海洋与气象学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-25 修回日期:2025-10-27 出版日期:2025-11-10
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176029);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)资助项目(SML2023SP202);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)资助项目(SML2024SP023)

Research Progress on the Prediction of Oceanic Mesoscale Eddies in the South China Sea

Xueming ZHU1(), Hailong WANG2, Shaojing GUO1, Xuri ZHANG1   

  1. 1.Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) & School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai Guangdong 519082, China
    2.School of Oceanography and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang Guangdong 524088, China
  • Received:2025-08-25 Revised:2025-10-27 Online:2025-11-10 Published:2025-11-01
  • About author:ZHU Xueming, research areas include marine environmental numerical simulation and forecasting. E-mail: zhuxueming@sml-zhuhai.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42176029);Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Sponsored Project(SML2023SP202)

海洋中尺度涡携带了海洋上层超过90%的动能,是调控物质和能量输送的关键动力过程。南海作为西北太平洋最大的半封闭边缘海,是中尺度涡的高发区,其生消动力过程复杂,长期以来一直是物理海洋学研究的重点。通过对国内外相关文献的综合分析,发现对南海中尺度涡三维结构的认识较为清晰,生成机制主要包括局地风应力、吕宋海峡黑潮入侵、太平洋Rossby波西传或多种因素共同作用,而其耗散主要由传播过程中的失稳或与内波发生相互作用导致;现有主流数值模式、资料同化和人工智能技术虽然具有重构和预报中尺度涡的能力,但准确度仍有待进一步提高,相关研究成果可为南海中尺度涡动力过程的深入理解与业务化预报技巧的提升提供系统性参考。建议未来中尺度涡研究应聚焦于多技术融合的协同优化路径,将中尺度涡动力理论、先进的海洋数值模式、资料同化、大数据和人工智能等技术进行有机结合,以进一步提升中尺度涡旋的预报精度。

Oceanic Mesoscale Eddies (ME) carry more than 90% of the kinetic energy in the upper global ocean, playing vital roles in the material and energy transport. They are highly active in the South China Sea (SCS), with complex dynamics for their generation and dissipation, which are received an increasingly attention from physical oceanographers. Through comprehensive analysis of extensively relevant literatures, it is found that the understanding of the three-dimensional structural characteristics of ME in the SCS more clear, the mechanisms of generation mainly include local wind stress, intrusion of the Kuroshio from the Luzon Strait, the westward propagation of Rossby wave in the Pacific Ocean, and a combination of multiple factors. ME’s dissipation is mainly caused by instability during their propagation or interaction with internal waves. It is shown that there is the ability to reconstruct and predict ME for those popular numerical models, data assimilation, and artificial intelligence technologies, but their accuracy still needs to be further improved. It aims to provide a systematic reference for the comprehensive understanding of ME dynamical processes and the improvement of their operational forecasting skills in the SCS. We suggest that combining dynamics theory, advanced ocean numerical models and data assimilation, big data and artificial intelligence to optimize ME simulation, is one of the key points for eddy research and forecasting in the future.

中图分类号: 

图1 南海的地理位置与水深
Fig. 1 Geographical location and water depth of the South China Sea
图2 南海中尺度涡年平均涡旋出现概率11
Fig. 2 The annual average vortex occurrence probability of the South China Sea11
图3 南海东北部的吕宋海峡以西海域2个反气旋涡(ac)和1个气旋涡(b)的三维水平流场结构24
Fig. 3 Three-dimensional horizontal flow field structure of two anticyclonic vorticesacand one cyclonic vortexbwest of the Luzon Strait in the northeast of the South China Sea24
图4 合成的气旋涡(a)和反气旋涡(b)的三维结构30
白色箭头表示地转流异常(m/s),灰色轮廓线为合成涡旋边界,R为涡旋的半径。
Fig. 4 Three-dimensional structure of the composite cyclonic eddyaand anticyclonic eddyb30
White vectors indicate geostrophic current anomaly (m/s), grey outlines are the composite eddy boundary, R is the radius of the vortex.
图5 基于19932007年融合数据的气候态平均涡动能分布59
A代表台湾岛西南海域(119°~121°E,19.5°~22.5°N),B代表越南东南海域(109°~114°E,8°~15°N),C代表南沙群岛海域(114°~118.5°E,8°~12.5°N)。
Fig. 5 Climatological mean Eddy Kinetic EnergyEKEdistribution derived from merged data during 1993-200759
Region A denotes southwestern Taiwan (119°~121° E, 19.5°~22.5° N), Region B denotes southeastern Vietnam (109°~114° E, 8°~15° N), and Region C denotes the Nansha Islands area (114°~118.5° E, 8°~12.5° N).
图6 中尺度涡源汇示意图1
Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of sources and sinks of mesoscale eddies1
表1 南海中尺度涡主流数值模式对比
Table 1 Inter-comparison among the major numerical models for mesoscale eddy in the South China Sea
图7 海表面异常(SLA)分布对比
(a)未同化SLA的模拟结果;(b)同化沿轨SLA数据的分析结果;(c)AVISO网格化产品。
Fig. 7 Distributions of Sea Level AnomalySLA
(a) The simulation result without data assimilation; (b) The analysis result with along-track SLA data assimilated; (c) The AVISO gridded data product.
图8 一系列相同起报日期的全球7天预报的增量误差统计98
1天同化周期的系统以蓝色显示,3天同化周期的系统以红色显示。覆盖范围代表预报误差的±1个标准差。
Fig. 8 Global 7-day forecast innovation error statistics from a series of identical base dates98
The 1-day system is shown in blue, and the 3-day system is shown in red. The envelopes represent ±1 standard deviation in forecast error.
图9 南海各区域合成涡旋ɵ'三维结构102
(a)~(e)是反气旋涡,(f)~(j)是气旋涡,从左到右依次为台湾岛西南(TW)、吕宋岛西北(LNW)、吕宋岛西南(LSW)、琼东海域(HN)、越南沿岸海域(Viet),图中颜色表示ɵ'场(℃),等值线间隔为0.2 ℃。
Fig. 9 Three-dimensional ɵ' structures of the composite eddies of the South China Sea102
(a)~(e) for Anticyclonic Eddy (AE); (f)~(j) for Cyclonic Eddy (CE) in area Southwest of Taiwan Island (TW), Northwest of Luzon Island (LNW), Southwest of Luzon Island (LSW), East of Hainan Island (HN), Coastal Waters of Vietnam (Viet) from left to right, respectively. Color shading corresponds to ɵ' fields (℃), contour intervals for ɵ' are 0.2 ℃.
图10 南海各区域合成涡旋S'三维结构102
(a)~(e)是反气旋涡,(f)~(j)是气旋涡,从左到右依次为台湾岛西南(TW)、吕宋岛西北(LNW)、吕宋岛西南(LSW)、琼东海域(HN)、越南沿岸海域(Viet),图中颜色表示S'场,等值线间隔为0.02。
Fig. 10 Three-dimensional S' structures of the composite eddies of the South China Sea102
(a)~(e) for Anticyclonic Eddy (AE); (f)~(j) for Cyclonic Eddy (CE) in area Southwest of Taiwan Island (TW), Northwest of Luzon Island (LNW), Southwest of Luzon Island (LSW), East of Hainan Island (HN), Coastal Waters of Vietnam (Viet) from left to right, respectively. Color shading corresponds to S' fields, contour intervals for S' are 0.02.
图11 涡旋特性与涡旋传播轨迹预测误差之间的关系117
1st-X、2nd-X、3rd-X、4th-X分别表示第1~4周预报的纬向位移误差样本箱,1st-Y、2nd-Y、3rd-Y、4th-Y分别表示第1~4周预报的经向位移误差样本箱。
Fig. 11 The relationship between eddy properties and the prediction error of the eddy propagation trajectory117
1st-X, 2nd-X, 3rd-X, and 4th-X denote the sample boxes for zonal displacement errors from the 1st to 4th week forecasts, respectively. 1st-Y, 2nd-Y, 3rd-Y, and 4th-Y denote the sample boxes for meridional displacement errors from the 1st to 4th week forecasts, respectively.
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