地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (3): 289 -302. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.018

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

南海及周边海上丝绸之路沿线的强灾害性内波
龚延昆1(), 陈璐1,2, 孙宇翰1,2, 许洁馨1,2, 陈植武1,2, 蔡树群1,2()   
  1. 1.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 热带海洋环境与岛礁生态全国重点实验室，广东 广州 510301
    2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-03 修回日期:2025-02-10 出版日期:2025-03-10
  • 通讯作者: 蔡树群 E-mail:gongyk@scsio.ac.cn;caisq@scsio.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(42130404)

Strong Hazardous Internal Waves in the South China Sea and Along the Maritime Silk Road

Yankun GONG1(), Lu CHNE1,2, Yuhan SUN1,2, Jiexin XU1,2, Zhiwu CHEN1,2, Shuqun CAI1,2()   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
    2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • Received:2025-01-03 Revised:2025-02-10 Online:2025-03-10 Published:2025-05-07
  • Contact: Shuqun CAI E-mail:gongyk@scsio.ac.cn;caisq@scsio.ac.cn
  • About author:GONG Yankun, research areas include oceanic internal wave dynamics. E-mail: gongyk@scsio.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42130404)
全文 ( 2 ) 下载PDF ( 14 )

内孤立波作为大振幅强非线性内波，不仅在海洋混合、物质输运和生态系统演变中起着关键作用，还对水下航行安全和海洋工程等构成潜在威胁。因此，深入研究内孤立波的生成、传播及其影响对于海洋环境、水下航行安全至关重要。作为全球重要的海上贸易交通要道，南海（吕宋海峡）及其周边海上丝绸之路沿线海域，如苏禄海（锡布图海峡）、苏拉威西海、龙目海峡和安达曼海等，存在陡峭的水下海脊以及局地潮流较强，是内孤立波频发的海域。通过对卫星遥感、现场观测、数值模拟及地震海洋学等技术手段在这些海域内孤立波研究中的应用进展进行系统综述，揭示了南海及周边海上丝绸之路沿线内孤立波波动特征、生成机制与传播演变规律的区域差异性，并进一步探讨了未来内孤立波研究中一些亟待解决的科学问题（波—流相互作用、多源地内波相干涉现象）与技术难题（数值预报的优化与智能预报的发展）。

关键词: 海上丝绸之路, 内波, 海洋灾害, 南海及周边海域

Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs), which are characterized by large amplitudes and strong nonlinearity, are pivotal dynamic phenomena in oceanic processes. These waves contribute significantly to vertical mixing, cross-isopycnal transport of nutrients and sediments, and modulation of marine ecosystems, while posing substantial risks to subsea infrastructures, underwater navigation, and offshore operations. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of their generation mechanisms, spatiotemporal evolution, and environmental impacts is critical for advancing oceanographic knowledge and ensuring maritime safety. The South China Sea (SCS) and its adjacent regions along the Maritime Silk Road, including the Sulu Sea (Sibutu Passage), Celebes Sea, Lombok Strait, and Andaman Sea, serve as global hotspots for ISW activity because of their complex bathymetry, intense tidal currents, and stratified water columns. This paper synthesizes multidisciplinary advances in ISW research across these regions, leveraging integrated methodologies such as multi-sensor satellite remote sensing (e.g., MODIS, VIIRS, and SAR), in situ observational networks, high-resolution numerical modeling (e.g., MITgcm, FVCOM), and emerging seismic oceanography techniques. Furthermore, the review identifies persistent gaps in knowledge, such as the role of mesoscale and submesoscale processes in wave–current interactions and interference effects between ISWs from multiple sources. Technical challenges, including the assimilation of multi-platform data into predictive models and the development of AI-driven forecast systems (e.g., physics-informed neural networks, convolutional neural networks), are critically assessed. The paper concludes by advocating for coordinated international observational campaigns and next-generation, non-hydrostatic models to unravel the multiscale complexity of ISWs, ultimately enhancing predictive capabilities for scientific and operational applications in these strategic waters.

Key words: Maritime Silk Road, Internal waves, Oceanic disaster, South China Sea and its surrounding seas

中图分类号: 

图1 南海原油贸易主航道（虚线）穿越灾害性内波分布海域
左上图为南海及周边海上丝绸之路沿线（黑框）海洋内波振幅的空间分布特征图；黑色虚线箭头表示海上丝绸之路贸易主航道
Fig. 1 The main oil trade route in the South China Sea （dashed line） crosses the areas affected by hazardous internal waves
The top left image shows the spatial characteristics of internal wave amplitudes along the Maritime Silk Road route （black frame） in the South China Sea and its surrounding areas； Black dashed line arrows represent the primary trade route of the Maritime Silk Road
图2 南海内孤立波
（a）南海内孤立波三维数值模拟结果［18］ ：上图为内孤立波所致海表高度梯度，下图为沿内孤立波主要传播方向的剖面内内孤立波的垂向特征（颜色填充表示波致流速，等值线表示等温线）；（b）南海内孤立波的生成、演化、耗散示意图［7］
Fig. 2 Internal solitary waves in the South China Sea
（a） Three-dimensional numerical simulations of internal solitary waves［18］ in the South China Sea： the top panel shows the sea surface height gradient induced by internal solitary waves， while the bottom panel depicts the vertical characteristics of internal solitary waves along the main propagation direction （color shade represents wave-induced velocity， and contours represent isotherms）； （b） Generation， evolution and dissipation processes of internal solitary wave［7］ in the South China Sea
图3 苏禄海内孤立波
（a）苏禄海内孤立波MODIS卫星遥感图像［39］（白色虚线表示内孤立波波峰线位置）；（b）遥感观测资料统计的苏禄海内孤立波出现频率；（c）~（e）苏禄海内孤立波二维数值模型结果［40］（等值线表示等温线）
Fig. 3 Internal solitary waves in the Sulu Sea
（a） MODIS satellite image of internal solitary waves［39］ in the Sulu Sea （the white dashed line indicates the position of the internal solitary wave crest）； （b） Statistical frequency of internal solitary waves in the Sulu Sea based on remote sensing observation data； （c）~（e） Two-dimensional numerical simulations of internal solitary waves［40］ in the Sulu Sea （contours represent isotherms）
图4 苏拉威西海内孤立波
（a）苏拉威西海内孤立波MODIS卫星遥感图像（红色箭头表示西传内孤立波IW1、IW2和IW3，蓝色箭头表示南传内孤立波IW4、IW5和IW6），珍珠滩与桑吉群岛用五角星标出；（b）基于遥感观测资料统计的苏拉威西海内孤立波波峰线位置［49］ （红色曲线为西传内孤立波波峰线位置，蓝色曲线为南传内孤立波波峰线位置）
Fig. 4 Internal solitary waves in the Celebes Sea
（a） MODIS satellite image of internal solitary wavesin the Celebes Sea ［the red arrows indicate the westward-propagating internal solitary waves （i.e.， IW1， IW2 and IW3） and the blue arrows indicate the southward-propagating internal solitary waves （i.e.， IW4， IW5 and IW6）］， the Pearl Bank and Sangihe Islands are marked in magenta stars； （b） Statistical crest positions of internal solitary waves in the Celebes Sea based on remote sensing observation data［49］ （red curves indicate the crests of westward-propagating internal solitary wave and the blue curves indicate the crests of southward-propagating internal solitary waves）
图5 龙目海峡内孤立波
（a）龙目海峡内孤立波三维数值模拟［5］（颜色填充表示内孤立波所致海表高度梯度，箭头分别标出了北传与南传的内孤立波）；（b）龙目海峡内孤立波MODIS卫星遥感图像［5］（颜色填充表示内孤立波所致海表高度梯度，箭头分别标出了北传与南传的内孤立波）；（c）龙目海峡内孤立波现场观测［54］（等值线表示垂向位移）
Fig. 5 Internal solitary waves in the Lombok Strait
（a） Three-dimensional numerical simulations of internal solitary waves［5］ in the Lombok Strait （the color shade represents the sea surface height gradient induced by internal solitary waves， arrows indicate the northward and southward propagating internal solitary waves， respectively）； （b） MODIS satellite image of internal solitary waves［5］ in the Lombok Strait （the color shade represents the sea surface height gradient induced by internal solitary waves， arrows indicate the northward and southward propagating internal solitary waves， respectively）；（c）In-situ observation of internal solitary waves［54］ in the Lombok Strait （contours represent vertical displacements）
图6 安达曼海内孤立波
（a）基于卫星遥感的安达曼海内孤立波空间特征［66］（黑线表示内孤立波波峰线位置）；（b）印度洋开尔文波示意图［13］（箭头表示开尔文波）；（c）和（d）安达曼海内孤立波现场观测［13］（等值线表示等温线）
Fig. 6 Internal solitary waves in the Andaman Sea
（a） Spatial characteristics of internal solitary waves in the Andaman Sea on the basis of satellite images［66］ （the black lines indicate the positions of the internal solitary wave crests）； （b） Schematic of Kelvin wave in the Indian Ocean［13］ （the arrows indicate Kelvin waves）； （c） and （d） In-situ observation of internal solitary waves［13］ in the Andaman Sea （the contours represent isotherms）
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