地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (1): 38 -51. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.004

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

高山树线的调查与研究方法
王亚锋 1( ),芦晓明 2,朱海峰 2, 3,梁尔源 2, 3   
  1. 1.南京林业大学生物与环境学院生态学系，江苏 南京 210037
    2.中国科学院青藏高原研究所，高寒 生态重点实验室，北京 100101
    3.中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心, 北京 100101
  • 收稿日期:2019-10-14 修回日期:2019-12-05 出版日期:2020-01-20
  • 基金资助:
    中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项“泛第三极环境变化与绿色丝绸之路建设”(XDA20050101);国家自然科学基金杰出青年科学基金项目“树轮生态学与气候学”(41525001)

Field Survey and Research Approaches at Apine Treelines

Yafeng Wang 1( ),Xiaoming Lu 2,Haifeng Zhu 2, 3,Eryuan Liang 2, 3   

  1. 1.Department of Ecology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
    2.Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    3.CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • Received:2019-10-14 Revised:2019-12-05 Online:2020-01-20 Published:2020-02-27
  • About author:Wang Yafeng （1981-）， male， Ruzhou City， He'nan Province， Associate professor. Research areas include dendroecology. E-mail: wangyf@njfu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences “Pan-Third Pole environment study for a Green Silk Road (Pan-TPE)”(XDA20050101);The National Natural Science Foundation of China “Dendroecology and dendroclimatology”(41525001)
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树线作为直立树木分布的海拔或纬度上限，被视为指示气候变化的敏感生态指标，在全球变化生态学研究中备受关注。过去10年来，树线研究快速发展，然而，不同研究采用的调查与研究方法差异较大，不利于从全球或区域尺度上评估山地森林对气候变化的响应与反馈。因此，有必要梳理不同的树线调查与研究方法，总结各方法的特点，进而提出当前亟待关注的前沿问题。目前，树线的调查与研究方法主要包括：历史照片比较、遥感影像分析、样线法、样圆法、样方法、空间点格局模型、树线动态模型、控制与移植实验等。历史照片比较和遥感影像分析虽然能够提供直观的参考，但用于推断树线动态仍存在不确定性。与样线法、样圆法和小方样法等选择性采样法相比，包含当前林线与树线的全样本采样法能得到更准确的树线位置与结构信息。空间点格局模型可建立树线格局与过程联系；树线动态模型可揭示树线变化格局及其驱动机制；控制与移植实验在探索树线变化的关键驱动因子方面具有优势。在今后的研究中，建议使用全样本采样法以便规范开展树线结构与格局变化研究；设置树线固定大样地并定期监测；在区域尺度上开展树线的控制与移植实验；尝试开发移植性强的树线动态模型。

关键词: 树线, 树轮生态学, 全样本采样法, 空间格局, 气候变化

A tree line, as the altitudinal or latitudinal limit of erect trees, is considered as a sensitive ecological indicator of climate change, and becomes one of the hot issues in the studies of global change ecology. During the last decade, rapid progress has been made in tree line studies. However, field survey and research methods may vary significantly among tree line literatures, limiting the evaluation of mountainous forest response and feedback to climate change at regional or global scale. Herein, we reviewed the research progress regarding the field survey and research methods on tree lines, evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and pointed out the current research frontiers. Field survey and research methods in tree line literatures mainly include: Repeat landscape photography, remote sensing image analysis, land line transect method, circular sampling plot, rectangular or square sampling plot, spatial point pattern analysis, tree line dynamic model, controlled experiment, and transplant experiment. Repeat landscape photography and remote sensing image analysis can provide an intuitive reference for treeline dyanmics, but some uncertainties remain. Compared with selective sampling approach (e.g., line transect method, circular sampling plot and square small plot), sample-total method (rectangular large plots including the whole tree line ecotone, i.e., encompassing the current timberline and the tree line) provides more robust results regarding tree line structure and shifts. Spatial point pattern analysis has been used to establish the linkage between the ecological patterns and processes of the tree line ecotone. Tree line dynamic models can be used to reveal temporal patterns of position and structure of tree line ecotones and their driving mechanisms. Controlled or transplant experiment has advantages in exploring the critical drivers of tree line dynamics. In future studies, sample-total method and its protocol are recommended when exploring variations in structure and position of tree lines; regular monitoring of fixed large tree line plot is worth carrying out; controlled or transplant experiment can be set up at diverse tree lines across a regional scale; researchers should attempt to develop new tree line dynamic models with good transplantation capability.

Key words: Treeline, Dendroecology, Sample-total method, Spatial pattern, Climate change

中图分类号: 

图1 树线过渡带示意图
Fig. 1 The diagram of the treeline ecotone
表1 树线调查与研究方法的优缺点
Table 1 Field survey and research approaches at apine treelines and their advantages
方法 应用条件 操作要求 优势
历史照片比较 有重复拍照记录的树线样点 熟悉影像分析技术 直观展示树线变化
遥感影像分析 1980年以来；且树线爬升显著的高纬地区 熟悉GIS与RS技术 反演全球或区域树线变化
样线法 地形崎岖，植被易观测，植被分布均一 设置一条或多条样线，在样线两侧大于等于1 m范围内随机调查 调查人员少，速度快，成本低
样圆法 植被分布均一，林分密度小，易穿行 圆半径一般小于20 m，对植被随机调查 调查人员少，成本低
小样方法 地形相对平整 样地只包含当前树线；样地内随机取样或逐米调查 调查成本较低
大样方法 地形相对平整 样地包含当前树线和林线，样地内全样本取样 重建百年尺度上树线结构与格局信息，结果可靠；能区分不同驱动因子相对贡献
生态模型 基于已有野外资料，设定生态参数 有编程基础，或熟悉可视化软件运行 分析植被空间格局，揭示生态过程的特征与变化
控制实验 基于已有野外资料或模型结果，确定关键生态因子与过程 掌握控制实验的设置与运行 监测关键因子变化对生态过程影响
移植实验 研究区树线变化与更新过程关系密切 播种萌发后移植，或野外采集幼苗后移植 探讨关键生态因子与更新动态间关系
图2 树线野外调查方法示意图
（a)样线法；（b)样圆法；（c)~(e）样方法
Fig. 2 Field survey methods at treeline
(a) Line transect method； (b) Circular sampling plot； (c)~(e) Rectangular or square sampling plot
图3 全样本采样法在藏东南急尖长苞冷杉树线调查中的使用
Fig. 3 Smith fir (Abies georgei var. smithii) treeline plot survey using sample-total method in southeast Tibet
图4 基于Programita软件的空间点格局分析[ 28 ]
Fig. 4 Spatial point pattern analysis using Programita software[ 28 ]
图5 基于Netlogo语言的树线动态模型[ 65 ]
Fig. 5 Treeline dynamic model based on Netlogo modeling environment[ 65 ]
图6 海拔梯度上幼苗移植实验与空间替代时间的方法
Fig.6 Seedling transplant experiment along the altitudinal gradients and method of space for time substitution
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