风电场对气候环境的影响研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.10.1038

地球科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10): 1038 -1049. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.10.1038

风电场对气候环境的影响研究进展

蒋俊霞 ^1, ²(

),杨丽薇 ¹,李振朝 ¹,高晓清 ¹(

)

1. 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院/寒旱区陆面过程与气候变化重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730000
2. 中国科学院大学，北京 100049

收稿日期:2019-07-01 修回日期:2019-09-15 出版日期:2019-10-10
通讯作者: 高晓清 E-mail:jiangjx@lab.ac.cn;jiangjx@lzb.ac.cn;xqgao@lzb.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目“风电场;环境影响评价研究”(2018YFB1502800);国家自然科学基金项目“大型风电场引起的局地气候效应研究”(41575112)

Progress in the Research on the Impact of Wind Farms on Climate and Environment

Junxia Jiang ^1, ²( ),Liwei Yang ¹,Zhenchao Li ¹,Xiaoqing Gao ¹( )

1. Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources/Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Chinese Academy of Sciences，Lanzhou 730000, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100049, China

Received:2019-07-01 Revised:2019-09-15 Online:2019-10-10 Published:2019-12-05
Contact: Xiaoqing Gao E-mail:jiangjx@lab.ac.cn;jiangjx@lzb.ac.cn;xqgao@lzb.ac.cn
About author:Jiang Junxia (1985-), female, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Ph.D student. Research areas include land surface processes and climate resources research. E-mail: jiangjx@lab.ac.cn
Supported by:
the National Key Research and Development Plan "Study on eco-climate effects and environmental impact assessment of wind and solar farms"(2018YFB1502800);The National Natural Science Foundation of China "Study on local climate effects caused by large wind farms"(41575112)

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风电是发展最快的可再生能源之一，随着风能在全球范围内大规模发展，人们开始关注大规模风电场的部署及运行对生态环境和气候的影响。通过调研相关文献，总结归纳了风电场对气候和生态环境的影响：一方面风机的架设改变了原有空气动力学粗糙度高度，加强了下垫面对湍流的阻挡作用，直接影响边界层湍流运动，改变原有陆地表面和近地层大气之间的物质能量和水分交换的强弱程度和模式，影响大气环流和气候；另一方面由于风力涡轮机将一部分风动能转化为电能，产生风机尾流效应，改变了边界层中大尺度运动动能的收支模式与时空分布，导致大气各种通量（热量通量和水汽通量等）的变化，对温度、降水和风速等产生影响。通常情况下，风电场对近地面的增温或降温效应与大气的层结稳定性有关。尽管如此，在全球气候模式中的模拟结果表明，风电场对全球气候的平均影响很小，其影响远远小于温室气体排放引起的预期变化和自然气候的年际变化。风电几乎不排放二氧化碳和污染物，与其他传统能源相比，减少水资源消耗，同时可能破坏动物栖息地、鸟类碰撞和产生噪声视觉等一些消极生态影响，但是可以采取相应的一些措施来减缓这些不良影响。

关键词: 气候变化, 可再生能源, 风能, 风电场, 气候环境效应

Wind power has become one of the fastest growing renewable energy. With the large-scale deployment of wind farms in the world, people have started to pay attention to the impact of wind farms on the ecological environment and climate. This paper summarized the impact of wind farms on climate and ecological environment by investigating relevant literature: In the areas of wind farms, on the one hand, the set-up of wind turbines changes original aerodynamic roughness height and strengthens the dragging of the land surface against turbulence, directly affecting the turbulent motion of the boundary layer, resulting in the changes of intensity and pattern of material energy and water vapor exchange between land surface and near-surface atmosphere, further affecting the atmospheric circulation and climate. On the other hand, wind turbines convert the majority of the wind kinetic energy into electric energy, which produces the wake effect of the wind turbine. The budget patterns and spatial and temporal distribution of large-scale kinetic energy in the boundary layer are changed correspondingly, generating changes in various fluxes (heat flux, water vapor flux, etc.) in the atmosphere, which affect temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Generally, the warming or cooling effect of wind farms on the near-surface is related to the stability of atmosphere. However, simulations in the global climate model showed that the average impact of wind farms on global climate is small, much smaller than the expected changes in greenhouse gas emissions and the interannual changes in natural climate.Wind power emits almost no carbon dioxide and pollutants. Compared with other traditional energy sources, it reduces water consumption but may generate some negative ecological impacts such as animal habitats, bird collisions, and noise, vision impact. However, some measures can be taken to mitigate these adverse effects.

Key words: Climate change, Renewable energy sources, Wind energy, Wind farm, Climatic and environmental impact.

中图分类号:

P967

表1 风电场气候效应相关研究

Table 1 The research on the climate effect of wind farms

作者	年份	参考文献	研究地区	数据和模式	风机参数化方案
Roy等	2004	[ 5 ]	北美大平原	RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)	动量汇和湍流源
Keith等	2004	[ 6 ]	北美、欧洲和亚洲	NCAR GCM(Global Climate Model developed by National Center for Atmospheric Research)和GFDL AM(Atmospheric Model developed by Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory)2	改变地面粗糙度长度、显式拖曳方案
Adams等	2007	[ 16 ]	加拿大南部	WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)	对风施加上升的拖曳力
Kirk-Davidoff等	2008	[ 27 ]	北美、欧洲、亚洲	NCAR CAM3.1	地表粗糙度元素
Roy等	2010	[ 19 ]	美国加利福尼亚	风电场观测数据、RAMS	动量汇和湍流源
Barrie等	2010	[ 28 ]	北美地区	GCM	地表粗糙度元素
Wang等	2010	[ 29 ]	全球	CCM3	地表粗糙度元素
Wang等	2011	[ 30 ]	全球近海海域	CAM(Community Atmospheric Model)3	地表粗糙度要素（改变表面拖曳系数）
Roy	2011	[ 18 ]	美国加利福尼亚	RAMS	商业涡轮机真实数据，次网格尺度参数化
Fiedler等	2011	[ 20 ]	美国东部地区	WRF 3.0	WRF2.0风机参数化
Zhou等	2012	[ 33 ]	美国德克萨斯中西部地区	MODIS地表温度数据	—
Walsh-Thomas等	2012	[ 34 ]	美国加利福尼亚南部地区	Landsat5卫星遥感观测温度资料	—
Fitch等	2012	[ 21 ]	美国	WRF3.3	平均流上加一个动量汇，将动能转化成电流和湍流动能
胡菊	2012	[ 35 ]	中国河西走廊	RegCM（Regional Climate Model）4.1	增加地表粗糙度
Zhou等	2013	[ 36 ]	德克萨斯州西部	MODIS地表温度数据	—
Smith等	2013	[ 37 ]	美国中西部地区	风电场观测数据	—
Cervarich等	2013	[ 22 ]	美国德克萨斯中西部	WRF	动量汇和湍流源
Fitch等	2013	[ 12 ]	美国堪萨斯州	WRF和LES	增加地表粗糙度、动量汇和湍流源
Vautard等	2014	[ 23 ]	欧洲地区	WRF	提取动量和产生额外的湍流动能
徐荣会	2014	[ 38 ]	内蒙古自治区中部苏尼特右旗	风电场野外观测数据	—
Fitch	2015	[ 31 ]	全球	CAM5	动量汇和湍流源
Armstrong等	2016	[ 39 ]	苏格兰地区	风电场观测数据	—
Geng等	2017	[ 24 ]	德克萨斯中西部	WRF	WRF2.0风机参数化
Pan等	2017	[ 25 ]	美国德克萨斯州沿岸	WRF	上升的阻力和湍流动能源
Sun等	2018	[ 26 ]	中国	WRF	WRF2.0风机参数化
Li等	2018	[ 32 ]	撒哈拉	WRF	增加地表粗糙度

表1 风电场气候效应相关研究

Table 1 The research on the climate effect of wind farms

作者	年份	参考文献	研究地区	数据和模式	风机参数化方案
Roy等	2004	[ 5 ]	北美大平原	RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)	动量汇和湍流源
Keith等	2004	[ 6 ]	北美、欧洲和亚洲	NCAR GCM(Global Climate Model developed by National Center for Atmospheric Research)和GFDL AM(Atmospheric Model developed by Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory)2	改变地面粗糙度长度、显式拖曳方案
Adams等	2007	[ 16 ]	加拿大南部	WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)	对风施加上升的拖曳力
Kirk-Davidoff等	2008	[ 27 ]	北美、欧洲、亚洲	NCAR CAM3.1	地表粗糙度元素
Roy等	2010	[ 19 ]	美国加利福尼亚	风电场观测数据、RAMS	动量汇和湍流源
Barrie等	2010	[ 28 ]	北美地区	GCM	地表粗糙度元素
Wang等	2010	[ 29 ]	全球	CCM3	地表粗糙度元素
Wang等	2011	[ 30 ]	全球近海海域	CAM(Community Atmospheric Model)3	地表粗糙度要素（改变表面拖曳系数）
Roy	2011	[ 18 ]	美国加利福尼亚	RAMS	商业涡轮机真实数据，次网格尺度参数化
Fiedler等	2011	[ 20 ]	美国东部地区	WRF 3.0	WRF2.0风机参数化
Zhou等	2012	[ 33 ]	美国德克萨斯中西部地区	MODIS地表温度数据	—
Walsh-Thomas等	2012	[ 34 ]	美国加利福尼亚南部地区	Landsat5卫星遥感观测温度资料	—
Fitch等	2012	[ 21 ]	美国	WRF3.3	平均流上加一个动量汇，将动能转化成电流和湍流动能
胡菊	2012	[ 35 ]	中国河西走廊	RegCM（Regional Climate Model）4.1	增加地表粗糙度
Zhou等	2013	[ 36 ]	德克萨斯州西部	MODIS地表温度数据	—
Smith等	2013	[ 37 ]	美国中西部地区	风电场观测数据	—
Cervarich等	2013	[ 22 ]	美国德克萨斯中西部	WRF	动量汇和湍流源
Fitch等	2013	[ 12 ]	美国堪萨斯州	WRF和LES	增加地表粗糙度、动量汇和湍流源
Vautard等	2014	[ 23 ]	欧洲地区	WRF	提取动量和产生额外的湍流动能
徐荣会	2014	[ 38 ]	内蒙古自治区中部苏尼特右旗	风电场野外观测数据	—
Fitch	2015	[ 31 ]	全球	CAM5	动量汇和湍流源
Armstrong等	2016	[ 39 ]	苏格兰地区	风电场观测数据	—
Geng等	2017	[ 24 ]	德克萨斯中西部	WRF	WRF2.0风机参数化
Pan等	2017	[ 25 ]	美国德克萨斯州沿岸	WRF	上升的阻力和湍流动能源
Sun等	2018	[ 26 ]	中国	WRF	WRF2.0风机参数化
Li等	2018	[ 32 ]	撒哈拉	WRF	增加地表粗糙度

表2 风能与其他能源的环境影响比较 ^{[

49
]}

Table 2 Comparison of environmental impacts of wind energy and other energy sources ^{[

49
]}

	煤	天然气	石油	核能	水力发电	风能
空气和水资源污染	√	√	√
全球变暖	√	√	√
水的热污染				√
陆地洪水					√
废物处理	√			√
采矿和钻井	√	√	√	√
工厂建设	√	√	√	√	√	√

表2 风能与其他能源的环境影响比较 ^{[

49
]}

Table 2 Comparison of environmental impacts of wind energy and other energy sources ^{[

49
]}

	煤	天然气	石油	核能	水力发电	风能
空气和水资源污染	√	√	√
全球变暖	√	√	√
水的热污染				√
陆地洪水					√
废物处理	√			√
采矿和钻井	√	√	√	√
工厂建设	√	√	√	√	√	√

表3 风力发电与其他形式发电技术的水资源消耗比较 ^{[

52
,

53
]}

Table 3 Comparison of water consumption between wind power and other forms of power technology ^{[

52
,

53
]}

技术	Gal/（kW·h）	L/（kW·h）
核能	0.62	2.30
煤	0.49	1.90
石油	0.43	1.60
联合循环燃气	0.25	0.95
风能	0.001	0.004
太阳能	0.030	0.110

表3 风力发电与其他形式发电技术的水资源消耗比较 ^{[

52
,

53
]}

Table 3 Comparison of water consumption between wind power and other forms of power technology ^{[

52
,

53
]}

技术	Gal/（kW·h）	L/（kW·h）
核能	0.62	2.30
煤	0.49	1.90
石油	0.43	1.60
联合循环燃气	0.25	0.95
风能	0.001	0.004
太阳能	0.030	0.110

表 4 美国由于人类活动导致的鸟类死亡数目 ^{[

75
]}

Table 4 Number of bird deaths due to human activities in the United States ^{[

75
]}

人为因素	每年杀死的鸟类数量/×10⁶
猫	1 000
建筑	100
狩猎	100
交通工具	60~80
通信塔	10~40
农药	67
电线	0.01~174
风机	0.15

表 4 美国由于人类活动导致的鸟类死亡数目 ^{[

75
]}

Table 4 Number of bird deaths due to human activities in the United States ^{[

75
]}

人为因素	每年杀死的鸟类数量/×10⁶
猫	1 000
建筑	100
狩猎	100
交通工具	60~80
通信塔	10~40
农药	67
电线	0.01~174
风机	0.15

表5 风电场对生态环境的主要影响

Table 5 The main impact of wind farms on the ecological environment

正面影响	负面影响	不确定影响
减少二氧化碳	鸟类碰撞	植被影响
不排放污染物	栖息地破坏	视觉冲击
节约水资源	噪声影响

表5 风电场对生态环境的主要影响

Table 5 The main impact of wind farms on the ecological environment

正面影响	负面影响	不确定影响
减少二氧化碳	鸟类碰撞	植被影响
不排放污染物	栖息地破坏	视觉冲击
节约水资源	噪声影响

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