地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 27 -41. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.01.0027

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

土壤风蚀过程研究回顾与展望
张春来 1( ), 宋长青 1, 王振亭 2, 邹学勇 1, 王雪松 1   
  1. 1.地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室,防沙治沙教育部工程研究中心,北京师范大学地理科学学部,北京 100875
    2.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 收稿日期:2017-10-21 修回日期:2017-11-30 出版日期:2018-01-10
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金重点项目“土壤风蚀速率对影响因子动态变化的响应”(编号: 41630747)和“土壤风蚀影响因子参数化”(编号: 41330746)资助

Review and Prospect of the Study on Soil Wind Erosion Process

Chunlai Zhang 1( ), Changqing Song 1, Zhenting Wang 2, Xueyong Zou 1, Xuesong Wang 1   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    2.Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • Received:2017-10-21 Revised:2017-11-30 Online:2018-01-10 Published:2018-03-06
  • About author:

    First author:Zhang Chunlai(1972-), male, Haiyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Professor. Research areas include soil wind erosion and aeolian geomorphology.E-mail:clzhang@bnu.edu.cn

  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Response of soil wind erosion rate to dynamic changes of impact factors” (No.41630747) and “Parameterization of factors influencing soil wind erosion” (No.41330746)
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土壤风蚀过程包含风蚀动力过程和风蚀因子及风蚀速率在风蚀过程中的动态变化过程。前者实验和理论研究成果丰富,较清晰地刻画了颗粒起动、搬运和沉降过程;后者重点研究风蚀过程中各类风蚀因子的动态变化规律及其互馈机制,以及土壤风蚀速率对风蚀因子动态变化的响应机制,尚缺乏系统的研究成果。土壤风蚀过程研究的难点在于:①风蚀因子的动力学参数化;②风蚀因子动态变化过程的观测和定量表达;③风蚀过程的尺度问题;④模型的预报能力。现阶段土壤风蚀研究迫切需要开展以下工作:建立标准风蚀观测场,获取连续、完整的大田风蚀资料;研究风沙流饱和路径,解决尺度问题;构建具有扎实理论基础、基于动力过程和动态变化过程的风蚀模型。

关键词: 土壤风蚀过程, 风蚀因子, 过程模型, 尺度

Soil wind erosion processes include mechanical process and dynamic changes of the factors affecting soil wind erosion, as well as the corresponding changes of wind erosion rate. The former is rich in experimental and theoretical researches that have clearly defined the process of particle starting, transporting and settling. The latter focuses on the dynamic changes of various wind erosion factors and the response of soil wind erosion rate to the change of the factors, of which systematic research of which is very limited. The difficulties in research of soil wind erosion process include: ①Dynamic parameterization of wind erosion factors; ②Observation and quantitative expression of the dynamic changes of wind erosion factors; ③Scaling problem of wind erosion process; ④Prediction ability of wind erosion models. At present, it is urgent to carry out the following work on soil wind erosion. The first is to establish standard wind erosion observation field in typical regions to obtain continuous and complete data of wind erosion in the field; the second is to study the saturation path of wind sand flow to solve scale problem; and the third is to construct a wind erosion model with solid theoretical foundation and fully consider both mechanical process of soil wind erosion and dynamic changes of the factors.

Key words: Soil wind erosion process, Factors affecting soil wind erosion, Process-based model, Scale.

中图分类号: 

表1 土壤风蚀影响因子分类
Table 1 Classification of wind soil erosion factors
分类与出处 因子分类 要素 参考文献
Chepil因子分类 空气因子
地表因子
土壤因子		 空气因子包括风速、湍流、空气密度、黏滞系数,地表因子包括粗糙度、地表覆盖、障碍物、温度、地形,土壤因子包括土壤结构(取决于有机质含量、碳酸钙含量和机械组成)、容重、含水率 [66]
风蚀方程
(WEQ)		 可蚀性因子
气候因子
坡长和坡度因子
地表粗糙度因子
作物残茬因子		 迎风坡长度小于152.4 m时的山丘可蚀性、年均风速、降水量、蒸发量、土垄高度、土垄间距、田块总长度、风障保护长度、作物残余物重量、残余物截面指数、植被粗糙变量 [67]
Bocharov模型 风况因子
表层土壤因子
气象因子
农业活动因子		 4类因子中,共有25个风蚀影响要素。风况因子包括瞬时、日平均、年平均、最大风速、风向、气流湍流程度和风速的频率分布;表层土壤因子包括土壤机械组成、土壤湿度、土壤团块结构(不可蚀成分含量)、结皮、土壤结构的水稳性等;气象因子包括气温、土壤温度(土壤冻结)、降雨强度与降雨量、空气相对湿度等;农业活动因子包括农业活动引起的田块内表土微地形起伏和沟垄尺寸、上年风蚀性质、顺风向田块长度、邻近田块的性质、田块周围防护措施类型和结构、植被覆盖度和作物残留物覆盖状况、耕作方法 [68]
德克萨斯侵蚀分析模型(TEAM) 风力因子
土壤可蚀性因子
地表覆盖因子
顺风向裸露地表长度		 风力因子(摩阻速度)
土壤可蚀性因子
地表覆盖因子
顺风向裸露地表长度		 [69]
风蚀预报系统
(WEPS)		 气候因子
水文因子
土壤因子
作物因子
分解因子
管理因子		 气候子模型;水文子模型包括融雪、地表径流、土壤贮水量、潜在蒸散量、潜在土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾量;管理子模型包括地表处理方式、土壤处理方式、植物体处理方式和土壤改良;土壤子模型包括垄沟高度、自由糙度、结皮、结皮厚度、结皮覆盖度、结皮稳定性、结皮的松散可蚀性物、干团聚体稳定性、团聚体粒径分布;作物子模型包括物候、作物生长期日长、作物萌发、生物量产出、地上和地下生物量分量、叶茎面积生长过程、衰亡期叶面积指数下降过程、植株高度;分解子模型包括作物的直立秸秆分解、地表残留秸秆分解、埋入土壤秸秆分解、根系分解 [72]
风蚀评价模型
(WEAM)		 风力因子(摩阻速度)
土壤可蚀性因子(粒度和水分)
土壤表面覆盖因子		 [70]
修正风蚀方程
(RWEQ)		 可蚀性因子
气候因子
土壤结皮因子
地表粗糙度因子
结合残茬因子		 田块长度、由正坡向负坡转折点的长度;易蚀碎屑含量;土壤湿度;土壤粗糙度;气候因子包括风速、风向、太阳辐射、降雨量、雪覆盖;土壤结皮因子取决于黏粒、有机质含量;植被因子包括平铺残留物、直立作物残留物、植被冠层、作物残茬分解等 [71]
土壤风蚀动力模型
(DMSWE)		 风力侵蚀因子
粗糙干扰因子
土壤抗蚀因子		 风力侵蚀因子包括风速、风向、湍流、空气密度、空气黏度;粗糙干扰因子包括植被/留茬覆盖、植被/留茬高度、平铺残余物覆盖、平铺残余物质量、土垄高度和间距、地形起伏度、砾石覆盖、土块覆盖、土块尺寸、空气动力学粗糙度等;土壤抗蚀因子包括土壤比重、土壤颗粒尺寸分布、盐分含量、有机质含量、土壤水分含量、土块密度、植物根系密度、pH值、结皮覆盖等 [4]
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