地球科学进展 ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (1): 17 -28. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.007

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

景观格局变化的水质净化服务响应关系研究进展
王飞 1( ), 陶宇 1 , 2, 欧维新 1 , 2( )   
  1. 1.南京农业大学土地管理学院,江苏 南京 210095
    2.农村土地资源利用与 整治国家地方联合工程研究中心,江苏 南京 210095
  • 收稿日期:2020-10-30 修回日期:2020-12-24 出版日期:2021-03-19
  • 通讯作者: 欧维新 E-mail:2019209024@njau.edu.cn;owx@njau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目“太湖流域景观格局变化的水生态服务响应机制及调控研究”(41971230);“太湖流域水生态服务供需空间量化、格局演变与驱动机制”(41701211)

Research Progress on Response Relationship of Water Quality Purification Service with Landscape Pattern Change

Fei WANG 1( ), Yu TAO 1 , 2, Weixin OU 1 , 2( )   

  1. 1.College of Land Management,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China
    2.National & Local Joint Engineering,Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation,Nanjing 210095,China
  • Received:2020-10-30 Revised:2020-12-24 Online:2021-03-19 Published:2021-03-19
  • Contact: Weixin OU E-mail:2019209024@njau.edu.cn;owx@njau.edu.cn
  • About author:WANG Fei (1993-), female, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, Ph. D student. Research areas include land use and landscape ecology. E-mail: 2019209024@njau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Response of water-related ecosystem services to changing landscape pattern and its regulation in Taihu Lake Basin”(41971230);“Spatial quantification, pattern evolution and driving mechanism of water ecological service supply and demand in Taihu Basin”(41701211)

景观格局变化对生态系统水质净化服务具有重要影响。为深入探究景观格局对水质净化服务的影响机制,通过国内外相关文献的系统梳理,总结出不同时空尺度下,景观格局对水质净化服务的影响存在差异,即水质净化服务对景观格局的响应具有尺度依赖性。相同尺度下,不同地形条件和景观基质也会使得景观格局对水质净化服务的影响表现出空间分异性。同时,景观格局与水质净化服务之间存在阈值效应,这使得决策者进行景观格局优化与水质保护时需要更为全面地考虑各种因素。针对当前研究存在的水质净化服务对景观格局响应的特征空间尺度不明晰、景观配置及空间分异特征研究有待加强,阈值效应不明确等问题,未来需开展多等级多尺度的对比研究,从不同侧面阐释景观格局与水质净化服务作用的特征尺度,发展能表征生态过程的景观格局指数,加强景观配置对水质净化服务影响的研究,深化不同影响因素下,两者之间空间分异特征探索,探究水质净化服务对景观格局响应的阈值识别方法,有效地判定阈值,为区域景观格局优化和水环境管理提供决策支持。

The change of landscape pattern has an important influence on the ecosystem water purification service. In order to explore the influence mechanism of the landscape pattern on the water purification service, in this article we systematically sorted out and analyzed the domestic and foreign relevant literature. It is concluded that there are differences in the influence of landscape pattern on water purification service at different spatial and temporal scales; that is, the response of water purification service to landscape pattern has scale dependence. At the same scale, different terrain conditions and landscape matrix also make the impact of landscape pattern on water purification service show spatial heterogeneity. At the same time, there is a threshold effect between landscape pattern and water purification service, which makes decision makers need to consider various factors more comprehensively in optimizing landscape pattern and water quality protection. In the current research, the characteristic spatial scale of water purification service response to landscape pattern is unclear; the study of landscape configuration and spatial differentiation characteristics needs to be strengthened; threshold effect is not clear. In the future, it is necessary to carry out multi-level and multi-scale comparative research to explain the characteristic scale of landscape pattern and water purification service from different aspects. Developing the landscape pattern index which can represent the ecological process and strengthening the research on the influence of landscape configuration on water purification service will deepen the exploration of spatial differentiation characteristics under different influencing factors. Strengthen the exploration of threshold recognition method of water quality purification service to landscape pattern response, effectively determines the threshold, and provides decisions support for regional landscape pattern optimization and water environment management.

中图分类号: 

表1 常用景观格局指数描述
Table 1 Description of the landscape pattern index in study
类别 景观指数 指数描述 参考文献
面积—边界指数 斑块类型面积百分比(Percentage of Landscape,PLAND) 某一斑块类型占景观总面积百分比 [ 1 , 4 ~ 42 ]
边界密度(Edge Density,ED) 景观类型被边界分割的复杂程度 [ 1 , 9 , 11 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 22 ~ 25 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 35 ]
最大斑块指数(Largest Patch Index,LPI) 每个单元中最大斑块的面积比重 [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 9 ~ 14 , 16 , 20 ~ 23 , 31 , 35 ]
总面积(Total Area,TA) 度量景观或类型总面积 [ 1 , 14 , 24 , 30 ]
平均斑块面积(Mean Patch Area,AREA_MN) 景观或各类型中斑块的平均面积 [ 4 , 10 , 14 , 19 , 22 ]
多样性指数 香农多样性指数(Shannon's Diversity Index,SHDI) 反映各斑块类型的异质性 [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 ~ 12 , 14 ~ 16 , 20 ~ 23 , 25 , 31 , 35 ]
香农均匀性指数(Shannon's Evenness Index,SHEI) 景观中不同斑块类型分配的均匀程度 [ 1 , 8 , 14 ]
聚集度指数 蔓延度指数(Contagion,CONTAG) 度量不同类型斑块的团聚程度 [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 ~ 12 , 16 , 18 , 20 ~ 23 , 25 , 31 , 32 , 35 ]
聚集度(Aggregation Index,AI) 景观或斑块类型的非随机或聚集程度 [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 11 ~ 13 , 16 , 22 , 23 ]
聚合度指数(Patch Cohesion index,COHESION) 反映相应斑块间的物理连通性 [ 1 , 6 , 10 ~ 12 , 15 , 18 , 22 , 23 ]
斑块密度(Patch Density,PD) 每平方千米的斑块数,景观破碎化程度 [ 6 , 8 ~ 16 , 18 , 20 ~ 25 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 35 ]
景观形状指数(Landscape Shape Index,LSI) 表示景观形状的复杂程度 [ 6 , 10 , 12 ~ 14 , 20 , 21 , 25 , 31 , 35 ]
交叉与并列指数(Interspersion Juxtaposition Index,IJI) 反映景观或各斑块类型间的总体散布和并列情况 [ 1 , 11 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 29 , 31 ]
斑块数量(Number of Patches,NP) 景观或类型中斑块的数量 [ 1 , 3 , 8 , 9 , 12 , 19 , 22 ]
形状指数 平均形状指数(Mean Shape Index,SHAPE_MN) 经数学转化的斑块边长与面积比 [ 6 , 11 , 15 , 23 ]
面积加权平均分维数(Area-Weighted Mean Fractal Dimension Index,FRAC_AM) 运用分维理论来测量斑块和景观的空间形状复杂性 [ 10 , 11 , 14 , 16 , 24 ]
表1 常用景观格局指数描述
Table 1 Description of the landscape pattern index in study
类别 景观指数 指数描述 参考文献
面积—边界指数 斑块类型面积百分比(Percentage of Landscape,PLAND) 某一斑块类型占景观总面积百分比 [ 1 , 4 ~ 42 ]
边界密度(Edge Density,ED) 景观类型被边界分割的复杂程度 [ 1 , 9 , 11 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 22 ~ 25 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 35 ]
最大斑块指数(Largest Patch Index,LPI) 每个单元中最大斑块的面积比重 [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 9 ~ 14 , 16 , 20 ~ 23 , 31 , 35 ]
总面积(Total Area,TA) 度量景观或类型总面积 [ 1 , 14 , 24 , 30 ]
平均斑块面积(Mean Patch Area,AREA_MN) 景观或各类型中斑块的平均面积 [ 4 , 10 , 14 , 19 , 22 ]
多样性指数 香农多样性指数(Shannon's Diversity Index,SHDI) 反映各斑块类型的异质性 [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 ~ 12 , 14 ~ 16 , 20 ~ 23 , 25 , 31 , 35 ]
香农均匀性指数(Shannon's Evenness Index,SHEI) 景观中不同斑块类型分配的均匀程度 [ 1 , 8 , 14 ]
聚集度指数 蔓延度指数(Contagion,CONTAG) 度量不同类型斑块的团聚程度 [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 ~ 12 , 16 , 18 , 20 ~ 23 , 25 , 31 , 32 , 35 ]
聚集度(Aggregation Index,AI) 景观或斑块类型的非随机或聚集程度 [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 11 ~ 13 , 16 , 22 , 23 ]
聚合度指数(Patch Cohesion index,COHESION) 反映相应斑块间的物理连通性 [ 1 , 6 , 10 ~ 12 , 15 , 18 , 22 , 23 ]
斑块密度(Patch Density,PD) 每平方千米的斑块数,景观破碎化程度 [ 6 , 8 ~ 16 , 18 , 20 ~ 25 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 35 ]
景观形状指数(Landscape Shape Index,LSI) 表示景观形状的复杂程度 [ 6 , 10 , 12 ~ 14 , 20 , 21 , 25 , 31 , 35 ]
交叉与并列指数(Interspersion Juxtaposition Index,IJI) 反映景观或各斑块类型间的总体散布和并列情况 [ 1 , 11 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 29 , 31 ]
斑块数量(Number of Patches,NP) 景观或类型中斑块的数量 [ 1 , 3 , 8 , 9 , 12 , 19 , 22 ]
形状指数 平均形状指数(Mean Shape Index,SHAPE_MN) 经数学转化的斑块边长与面积比 [ 6 , 11 , 15 , 23 ]
面积加权平均分维数(Area-Weighted Mean Fractal Dimension Index,FRAC_AM) 运用分维理论来测量斑块和景观的空间形状复杂性 [ 10 , 11 , 14 , 16 , 24 ]
表2 研究中不同类型的水质参数
Table 2 Different types of water quality parameters in the study
指标 参数选择 参考文献
物理指标 电导率(Electrical Conductivity, EC) [ 4 ~ 6 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 22 , 30 , 32 , 33 ]
色度(Chroma) [ 11 ]
溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen, DO) [ 4 ~ 6 , 8 ~ 11 , 13 , 19 , 22 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 34 , 37 ]
可溶性固体总量(Total Dissolved Solids,TDS) [ 5 , 11 , 33 ]
总悬浮固体(Total Suspended Solids,TSS) [ 1 , 6 , 11 , 12 , 19 , 20 , 27 , 31 ]
氧还原电位(Oxygen Reduction Potential, ORP) [ 9 , 30 ]
温度(Water Temperature,WT) [ 9 , 13 , 27 , 30 ]
浊度(Turbidity) [ 1 , 11 , 30 ]
化学指标 酸碱度(Potential of hydrogen,pH) [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 11 , 22 , 27 , 30 ]
氮浓度(Concentrations of nitrogen)、磷浓度(Concentrations of phosphorus) [ 1 , 9 ]
磷浓度(Concentrations of phosphorus) [ 21 , 33 ]
地上氮负载(Annual phosphorus loading)、地下氮浓度(Groundwater nitrate concentration) [ 2 , 18 ]
总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)、总磷(Total Phosphorus,TP) [ 8 , 9 , 11 ~ 13 , 15 , 20 , 21 ~ 23 , 27 ~ 29 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 37 , 40 ~ 42 ]
总磷(Total Phosphorus, TP) [ 4 , 5 , 10 , 14 , 16 , 19 ]
总氮(Total Nitrogen, TN) [ 39 ]
化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand, CODcr) [ 6 , 11 , 16 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 27 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 40 ]
高锰酸盐(Permanganate index,COD Mn ) [ 4 , 5 , 8 ~ 10 , 13 , 29 , 37 ]
硝酸盐氮(Nitrate nitrogen, NO3-N) [ 5 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 12 ~ 14 , 16 , 21 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 40 ]
硫酸根盐(Sulfate, SO 4 2 - ) [ 5 , 33 , 37 ]
氯离子(Chloride, Cl-) [ 5 , 33 ]
亚硝酸盐氮(Nitrite nitrogen, NO 2 - -N) [ 5 , 10 , 12 , 16 , 22 , 27 , 30 , 32 , 33 ]
氨氮(Ammonia Nitrogen, NH3-N) [ 4 , 5 , 8 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 19 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 34 , 37 ]
氨氮(Ammonia Nitrogen, NH 4 + -N) [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 40 ]
五日生化需氧量(Five Days Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD5) [ 6 , 10 , 11 , 19 , 23 , 27 , 34 , 37 , 41 ]
可溶性磷酸盐(Dissolved Phosphate, DP) [ 5 , 12 , 27 , 30 , 33 , 40 ]
总有机碳(Organic Carbon, OC) [ 28 , 32 ]
金属离子(Ca、Mg、Na、K、Zn、Pb) [ 33 , 37 ]
苯酚类(Phenol)石油类(Oils) [ 29 , 37 ]
阴离子表面活性剂(An-ionic surfactant,ANC)、挥发酚(Volatile-Phenol,VP)、硫化物(Sulfide, S2- [ 37 ]
水体抗生素 [ 39 ]
生物指标 周期性藻类硅藻(Periphytic algae, diatoms) [ 25 ]
大肠菌群(Escherichia Coli) [ 37 ]
叶绿素a(Chlorophyll-a, Chl-a) [ 13 , 22 ]
生态指标 InVEST、SWAT模型计算:氮输出(Nitrogen Export, NE)与磷输出量(Phosphorus Export, PE) [ 3 , 7 , 17 , 24 , 35 ]
表2 研究中不同类型的水质参数
Table 2 Different types of water quality parameters in the study
指标 参数选择 参考文献
物理指标 电导率(Electrical Conductivity, EC) [ 4 ~ 6 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 22 , 30 , 32 , 33 ]
色度(Chroma) [ 11 ]
溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen, DO) [ 4 ~ 6 , 8 ~ 11 , 13 , 19 , 22 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 34 , 37 ]
可溶性固体总量(Total Dissolved Solids,TDS) [ 5 , 11 , 33 ]
总悬浮固体(Total Suspended Solids,TSS) [ 1 , 6 , 11 , 12 , 19 , 20 , 27 , 31 ]
氧还原电位(Oxygen Reduction Potential, ORP) [ 9 , 30 ]
温度(Water Temperature,WT) [ 9 , 13 , 27 , 30 ]
浊度(Turbidity) [ 1 , 11 , 30 ]
化学指标 酸碱度(Potential of hydrogen,pH) [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 11 , 22 , 27 , 30 ]
氮浓度(Concentrations of nitrogen)、磷浓度(Concentrations of phosphorus) [ 1 , 9 ]
磷浓度(Concentrations of phosphorus) [ 21 , 33 ]
地上氮负载(Annual phosphorus loading)、地下氮浓度(Groundwater nitrate concentration) [ 2 , 18 ]
总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)、总磷(Total Phosphorus,TP) [ 8 , 9 , 11 ~ 13 , 15 , 20 , 21 ~ 23 , 27 ~ 29 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 37 , 40 ~ 42 ]
总磷(Total Phosphorus, TP) [ 4 , 5 , 10 , 14 , 16 , 19 ]
总氮(Total Nitrogen, TN) [ 39 ]
化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand, CODcr) [ 6 , 11 , 16 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 27 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 40 ]
高锰酸盐(Permanganate index,COD Mn ) [ 4 , 5 , 8 ~ 10 , 13 , 29 , 37 ]
硝酸盐氮(Nitrate nitrogen, NO3-N) [ 5 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 12 ~ 14 , 16 , 21 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 40 ]
硫酸根盐(Sulfate, SO 4 2 - ) [ 5 , 33 , 37 ]
氯离子(Chloride, Cl-) [ 5 , 33 ]
亚硝酸盐氮(Nitrite nitrogen, NO 2 - -N) [ 5 , 10 , 12 , 16 , 22 , 27 , 30 , 32 , 33 ]
氨氮(Ammonia Nitrogen, NH3-N) [ 4 , 5 , 8 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 19 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 34 , 37 ]
氨氮(Ammonia Nitrogen, NH 4 + -N) [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 40 ]
五日生化需氧量(Five Days Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD5) [ 6 , 10 , 11 , 19 , 23 , 27 , 34 , 37 , 41 ]
可溶性磷酸盐(Dissolved Phosphate, DP) [ 5 , 12 , 27 , 30 , 33 , 40 ]
总有机碳(Organic Carbon, OC) [ 28 , 32 ]
金属离子(Ca、Mg、Na、K、Zn、Pb) [ 33 , 37 ]
苯酚类(Phenol)石油类(Oils) [ 29 , 37 ]
阴离子表面活性剂(An-ionic surfactant,ANC)、挥发酚(Volatile-Phenol,VP)、硫化物(Sulfide, S2- [ 37 ]
水体抗生素 [ 39 ]
生物指标 周期性藻类硅藻(Periphytic algae, diatoms) [ 25 ]
大肠菌群(Escherichia Coli) [ 37 ]
叶绿素a(Chlorophyll-a, Chl-a) [ 13 , 22 ]
生态指标 InVEST、SWAT模型计算:氮输出(Nitrogen Export, NE)与磷输出量(Phosphorus Export, PE) [ 3 , 7 , 17 , 24 , 35 ]
图1 景观格局对水质净化服务影响研究的基本框架
Fig.1 Basic framework for the study of the impact of landscape pattern on water quality purification services
图1 景观格局对水质净化服务影响研究的基本框架
Fig.1 Basic framework for the study of the impact of landscape pattern on water quality purification services
表3 不同尺度下景观格局与生态系统水质净化服务研究
Table 3 Study on landscape patterns and ecosystem water purification services at different scale
空间尺度 时间尺度 特征尺度 基质/地形 景观指数 主导景观指数 参考文献
流域 非连续不同年份 流域 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 7 , 17 ]
子流域 旱季/雨季 旱季 坡度(高>低) 景观组成 景观组成 [ 5 ]
旱季/雨季 旱季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 3 , 4 ]
旱季/雨季 旱季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 21 ]
旱季/雨季 雨季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 15 ]
雨季/雨季后 雨季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 20 ]
春季和秋季 春季和秋季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 23 ]
非连续不同年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 24 ]
某一年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 16 , 22 , 34 ]
某一年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成 [ 18 , 35 ]
某一年份 子流域 坡度 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 25 ]
某一年份 子流域 坡度 景观组成 景观组成 [ 39 , 42 ]
某一年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 38 , 40 ]
子流域、河岸带缓冲区、采样点缓冲区 旱季/雨季 雨季/河岸带 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 6 ]
雨季前/中/后 雨季/子流域 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 28 ]
某一年份 子流域 坡度 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 13 ]
非连续不同年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 14 ]
子流域、河岸带缓冲区 旱季/雨季 旱季/子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 9 ]
非连续不同年份 河岸带缓冲区 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成 [ 10 ]
某一年份 河岸带缓冲区100 m 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 31 ]
某一年份 河岸带缓冲区100~200 m 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 37 ]
雨季前/中/后 雨季中/河岸带缓冲区100 m 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 32 ]
采样点缓冲区 非连续不同年份 河岸带缓冲区 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成 [ 19 ]
非连续不同年份 河岸带缓冲区100~200 m 高程 景观组成 景观组成 [ 27 ]
非连续不同年份 采样点缓冲区700~1 000 m 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 8 ]
某一年份 采样点缓冲区小于等于300 m 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 12 ]
某一年份 采样点缓冲区4 km 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 11 ]
某一年份 采样点缓冲区 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 29 ]
某一年份 采样点缓冲区 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 33 , 41 ]
采样点缓冲区1 km 连续时间段 采样点缓冲区1 km 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 30 ]
表3 不同尺度下景观格局与生态系统水质净化服务研究
Table 3 Study on landscape patterns and ecosystem water purification services at different scale
空间尺度 时间尺度 特征尺度 基质/地形 景观指数 主导景观指数 参考文献
流域 非连续不同年份 流域 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 7 , 17 ]
子流域 旱季/雨季 旱季 坡度(高>低) 景观组成 景观组成 [ 5 ]
旱季/雨季 旱季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 3 , 4 ]
旱季/雨季 旱季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 21 ]
旱季/雨季 雨季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 15 ]
雨季/雨季后 雨季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 20 ]
春季和秋季 春季和秋季 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 23 ]
非连续不同年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 24 ]
某一年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 16 , 22 , 34 ]
某一年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成 [ 18 , 35 ]
某一年份 子流域 坡度 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 25 ]
某一年份 子流域 坡度 景观组成 景观组成 [ 39 , 42 ]
某一年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 38 , 40 ]
子流域、河岸带缓冲区、采样点缓冲区 旱季/雨季 雨季/河岸带 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 6 ]
雨季前/中/后 雨季/子流域 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 28 ]
某一年份 子流域 坡度 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 13 ]
非连续不同年份 子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观配置 [ 14 ]
子流域、河岸带缓冲区 旱季/雨季 旱季/子流域 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 9 ]
非连续不同年份 河岸带缓冲区 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成 [ 10 ]
某一年份 河岸带缓冲区100 m 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 31 ]
某一年份 河岸带缓冲区100~200 m 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 37 ]
雨季前/中/后 雨季中/河岸带缓冲区100 m 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 32 ]
采样点缓冲区 非连续不同年份 河岸带缓冲区 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成 [ 19 ]
非连续不同年份 河岸带缓冲区100~200 m 高程 景观组成 景观组成 [ 27 ]
非连续不同年份 采样点缓冲区700~1 000 m 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 8 ]
某一年份 采样点缓冲区小于等于300 m 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 12 ]
某一年份 采样点缓冲区4 km 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 11 ]
某一年份 采样点缓冲区 未考虑 景观组成和配置 景观组成和配置 [ 29 ]
某一年份 采样点缓冲区 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 33 , 41 ]
采样点缓冲区1 km 连续时间段 采样点缓冲区1 km 未考虑 景观组成 景观组成 [ 30 ]
表4 水质净化服务对景观格局响应的阈值
Table 4 Threshold of water purification service response to landscape pattern
特征尺度 水质指标 景观指数 阈值 参考文献
子流域 硅藻类 林地面积(PLAND)与林地边缘密度(ED) 林地面积不低于47%且ED大于36 m/hm2时,水质提升 [ 25 ]
子流域 总磷(TP)、总氮(TN) 耕地面积占比与湿地面积占比(PLAND) 耕地面积占比低于60%且湿地面积占比大于6%时,水质提升 [ 18 ]
河岸带缓冲区100 m 高锰酸盐(CODMn)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN) 建设用地斑块密度(PD)与水体最大斑块指数(LPI) 建设用地ED大于3~40个/km2且水体的LPI大于2.5%~3.5%时,水质提升 [ 31 ]
河岸带缓冲区100~200 m 溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐(CODMn)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨型氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)、硫酸根盐(SO 4 2 - )、硫化物(S2-)、挥发酚(VP)、阴离子表面活性剂(ANC)、大肠菌群(CGB) 建设用地占比(PLAND) 建设用地占比小于38.2%,水质提升 [ 37 ]
采样点缓冲区4 km 高锰酸盐(CODMn)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、可溶性固体总量(TDS) 区域景观边缘密度与耕地边缘密度(ED)、林地和草地聚集度(AI) 区域景观的ED值为100~110 m/hm2,耕地的ED值为90~105 m/hm2,林草地的AI值为70%~90%,利于水质保护 [ 11 ]
采样点缓冲区 五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN) 城市用地面积(PLAND) 流域城市用地面积为1.1%~31.5%,提高河流水质的土地利用管理可能更有效 [ 41 ]
表4 水质净化服务对景观格局响应的阈值
Table 4 Threshold of water purification service response to landscape pattern
特征尺度 水质指标 景观指数 阈值 参考文献
子流域 硅藻类 林地面积(PLAND)与林地边缘密度(ED) 林地面积不低于47%且ED大于36 m/hm2时,水质提升 [ 25 ]
子流域 总磷(TP)、总氮(TN) 耕地面积占比与湿地面积占比(PLAND) 耕地面积占比低于60%且湿地面积占比大于6%时,水质提升 [ 18 ]
河岸带缓冲区100 m 高锰酸盐(CODMn)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN) 建设用地斑块密度(PD)与水体最大斑块指数(LPI) 建设用地ED大于3~40个/km2且水体的LPI大于2.5%~3.5%时,水质提升 [ 31 ]
河岸带缓冲区100~200 m 溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐(CODMn)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨型氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)、硫酸根盐(SO 4 2 - )、硫化物(S2-)、挥发酚(VP)、阴离子表面活性剂(ANC)、大肠菌群(CGB) 建设用地占比(PLAND) 建设用地占比小于38.2%,水质提升 [ 37 ]
采样点缓冲区4 km 高锰酸盐(CODMn)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、可溶性固体总量(TDS) 区域景观边缘密度与耕地边缘密度(ED)、林地和草地聚集度(AI) 区域景观的ED值为100~110 m/hm2,耕地的ED值为90~105 m/hm2,林草地的AI值为70%~90%,利于水质保护 [ 11 ]
采样点缓冲区 五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN) 城市用地面积(PLAND) 流域城市用地面积为1.1%~31.5%,提高河流水质的土地利用管理可能更有效 [ 41 ]
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