土壤风化速率测定方法及其影响因素研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.10.1021

地球科学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (10): 1021 -1031. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.10.1021

黄来明 ^1, ^2, ⁴(

), 邵明安 ^1, ^2, ⁴, 贾小旭 ^1, ⁴, 张甘霖 ^3, ⁴

1.生态系统网络观测与模拟院重点实验室,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
2.黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨陵 712100
3.土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,中国科学院南京土壤研究所,江苏南京 210008
4.中国学学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049

收稿日期:2016-07-02 修回日期:2016-09-10 出版日期:2016-10-20
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金国际合作与交流项目“黄土高原关键带水循环过程与空间异质性” (编号:41571130081);中国科学院水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室开放基金项目“退耕驱动地表特性变化对黄土高原半干旱区土壤水循环的影响”(编号:A314021402-1602)资助

A Review of the Methods and Controls of Soil Weathering Rates

Laiming Huang ^1, ^2, ⁴( ), Ming’an Shao ^1, ^2, ⁴, Xiaoxu Jia ^1, ⁴, Ganlin Zhang ^3, ⁴

1.Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
2.State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling 712100,China
3.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
4.College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2016-07-02 Revised:2016-09-10 Online:2016-10-20 Published:2016-10-20
About author:
First author:Huang Laiming (1984-), male, Anji County, Zhejiang Province, Assistant Professor. Research areas include soil genesis and geochemistry.E-mail:huanglm@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Water cycle processes and their heterogeneities in the critical zone of the Loess Plateau”(No.41571130081);the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences “Effect of changing soil properties induced by Grain-for-Green project on water cycle in the semi-arid region of Loess Plateau”(No;A314021402-1602)

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明确土壤风化过程、速率及其影响因素是理解土壤与环境之间相互作用与反馈的基础,可为预测土壤在生态系统中的行为及其在自然和人为作用下的演变趋势、实现土壤资源有效管理提供科学依据。通过回顾土壤风化速率不同测定方法(实验室模拟研究、模型理论计算、同位素比值、元素损耗和元素输入输出平衡法)及其影响因素(气候、生物、母质、地形、时间和人为活动)研究所取得的进展,针对当前土壤资源退化严重的现状,提出了土壤风化研究面临的机遇和挑战。未来土壤风化研究应重点关注变化中的自然条件和强烈的人为干扰下土壤风化的关键过程、速率及其环境阈值,包括建立风化速率不同测定方法所得结果之间的定量转换关系、揭示风化速率多个影响因素之间的协同效应、模拟和预测气候变化和人类活动双重影响下土壤风化速率的演变趋势,以期为土壤资源的可持续管理和应对全球变化提供理论依据。

关键词: 风化速率, 地球化学质量平衡, 同位素, 环境阈值, 地球关键带

The study of soil weathering processes College of Resources and Environment, rates and the associated influencing factors is crucial for understanding of the feedbacks between soil and environment, which will provide a basis for predicting soil behavior and evolution trend in the ecosystem under natural and anthropogenic forcings. This is also important for the effective management of soil resources. This article reviewed the methods for measuring soil weathering rates (including simulating leaching experiment, model calculation, isotope technique, element depletion and geochemical mass balance) and the influencing factors (including climate, organism, parent material, relief, time and human activities). In view of the serious degradation of soil resources, we proposed the challenge and opportunity of the research of soil weathering. The future study should focus on the critical processes, rates and the associated environmental thresholds of soil weathering under varying natural conditions and intensive human perturbations, including the establishment of the quantitative relationship between the weathering rates calculated by different methods, the analysis and interpretation of synergistic effects among multiple influencing factors, and the modeling and prediction of changing tendency of weathering rates under the impacts of both climatic changes and human activities, in order to guide the sustainable management of soil resource and mitigation of global change.

Key words: Weathering rate, Geochemical mass balance, Isotope, Environmental threshold, Earth’s critical zone.

中图分类号:

图1 流域元素地球化学质量平衡图

Fig.1 Geochemical mass balance in watersheds

表1 土壤风化速率不同测定方法的比较

Table 1 Comparison of different methods for measuring soil weathering rate

方法	原理	前提条件	适用范围
实验室模拟研究	用一定pH值去离子水模拟淋溶土柱	土壤风化速率等于离子从土壤中淋溶出的速率	矿物风化机制研究
模型理论计算法	迁移状态理论和动力学速率法则	土壤物质组成保持不变模型参数均用平均值	单个土壤剖面土壤风化速率研究
同位素比值法	同位素分馏机制	风化产物的同位素比值与母岩相同且保持不变	当前风化速率或长期风化速率研究
元素损耗法	不同土层和母岩之间元素含量的差异	成土过程中参比元素稳定且不参与风化反应	单个土壤剖面长期风化速率研究
元素输入输出平衡法	地球化学质量平衡	流域处于稳定状态(植物吸收和归还的养分平衡),基岩不透水	小流域土壤当前平均风化速率研究

表1 土壤风化速率不同测定方法的比较

Table 1 Comparison of different methods for measuring soil weathering rate

方法	原理	前提条件	适用范围
实验室模拟研究	用一定pH值去离子水模拟淋溶土柱	土壤风化速率等于离子从土壤中淋溶出的速率	矿物风化机制研究
模型理论计算法	迁移状态理论和动力学速率法则	土壤物质组成保持不变模型参数均用平均值	单个土壤剖面土壤风化速率研究
同位素比值法	同位素分馏机制	风化产物的同位素比值与母岩相同且保持不变	当前风化速率或长期风化速率研究
元素损耗法	不同土层和母岩之间元素含量的差异	成土过程中参比元素稳定且不参与风化反应	单个土壤剖面长期风化速率研究
元素输入输出平衡法	地球化学质量平衡	流域处于稳定状态(植物吸收和归还的养分平衡),基岩不透水	小流域土壤当前平均风化速率研究

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