南大洋酸化指标——海水文石饱和度变异的研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.04.0357.

地球科学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 357 -364. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.04.0357.

汪燕敏 ^1, ²(

), 祁第 ^1, ^2, ³, 陈立奇 ^1, ^2,,A; ^*(

)

1.国家海洋局海洋—大气化学与全球变化重点实验室,福建厦门 361005
2.国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,福建厦门 361005
3.厦门大学海洋与地球学院,福建厦门 361102

收稿日期:2016-02-10 修回日期:2016-03-25 出版日期:2016-04-20
通讯作者: 陈立奇 E-mail:wangyanmin@tio.org.cn;lqchen@soa.gov.cn
基金资助:
南北极环境综合考察与评估专项项目专题4“南极周边海域海洋化学与碳通量考察”(编号:CHINARE2012-2016:01-04-02,02-01,03-04-02);国家自然科学基金重点项目“南大洋N ₂O源汇格局:驱动机制及其对海洋N ₂O收支的影响”(编号:41230529)资助

Review on Researches of Aragonite Saturation State in the Southern Ocean:A Key Parameter of Southern Ocean Acidification

Yanmin Wang ^1, ²( ), Di Qi ^1, ^2, ³, Liqi Chen ^1, ^2, ^*( )

1.Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of State Oceanic Administration(SOA), Xiamen 361005,China
2.Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China
3.Ocean and Earth Science College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China

Received:2016-02-10 Revised:2016-03-25 Online:2016-04-20 Published:2016-04-10
Contact: Liqi Chen E-mail:wangyanmin@tio.org.cn;lqchen@soa.gov.cn
About author:
First author:Wang Yanmin (1991-), female, Xining City, Qinghai Province, Master student. Research areas include ocean acidification.E-mail:wangyanmin@tio.org.cn

Corresponding author:Chen Liqi (1945-), male, Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, Professor. Research areas include marine atmospheric chemistry and global change.E-mail:lqchen@soa.gov.cn
Supported by:
Project supported by the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs “Investigation of ocean chemistry and carbon fluxes in the oceans and seas surrounding the Antarctica”(No.CHINARE2012-2016: 01-04-02,02-01, 03-04-02);The National Natural Science Foundation of China“N ₂O source and sink in the Southern Ocean: Driving mechanim and its impact on oceanic N ₂O budget”(No.41230529)

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南大洋因具有较强的CO₂吸收能力,其海洋酸化问题较全球其他海域尤为突出。文石饱和度(Ω_文石)作为衡量海洋酸化状况的指标之一,在评估海洋钙质生物的生存环境中发挥着重要的作用。然而,由于南大洋复杂的气候环境,在这一区域开展海洋酸化和Ω_文石的研究异常困难。因此,为了便于今后在南极周边海域开展海洋酸化的研究,了解南大洋海洋酸化的现状,对南极周边海域Ω_文石的研究进行了概述。南大洋表层海水Ω_文石具有明显的时空分布特征,主要体现为近岸海域Ω_文石值一般低于开阔大洋海域,且具有夏季高、冬季低的季节变化特征。在垂向分布上,海水Ω_文石值呈现由表层向深层递减的趋势。此外,由于受到深层水团的通风和涌升的影响,南大洋Ω_文石等值线深度随纬度升高而变浅。海水Ω_文石受海冰融化、海—气CO₂交换、浮游植物活动以及水文等诸多因素的共同控制。最后,对南大洋未来海洋酸化的变化趋势进行展望,提出亟需解决的科学问题。

关键词: 海洋酸化, 文石饱和度, CO2, 海冰, 南大洋

The Southern Ocean is a strong sink for atmospheric CO₂, making it especially vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA). The aragonite saturation state (Ω_arg) of seawater has been used as an index for the estimation of OA, which plays a critical role in evaluating the living environment of marine calcified organisms. However, it is very difficult to perform the studies of OA and Ω_arg in the Southern Ocean due to its harsh climate. Therefore, in order to better understand the OA and its further influences, the advances of Ω_arg studies were summarized in the oceans surrounding the Antarctica. Significant spatial and temporal variations of surface seawater Ω_arg are demonstrated in the Southern Ocean. In general, the surface seawater Ω_arg shows a lower value in the off-shore areas than in the open oceans. And, Ω_arg also exhibits a strong seasonal cycle with a higher value in summer than in winter. The distributions of Ω_arg in vertical water column generally present a declining tendency from surface to bottom. In addition, the shoaling of Ω_arg horizon at high latitude could be attributed to the ventilation and upwelling of deep waters in the Southern Ocean. There are many factors that could impact the Ω_arg in the Southern Ocean, including sea ice melting, sea-air CO₂ exchange, biological activities and hydrological processes, etc. Finally, the future changes and key scientific problems of OA in the Southern Ocean are proposed.

Key words: Ocean acidification, Aragonite saturation state, CO2, Sea ice, Southern Ocean.

中图分类号:

P734

图1 南大洋表层海水Ω _文石的分布(数据来源于参考文献[29])

Fig.1 Surface distribution of Ω _argin the Southern Ocean(data from reference[29])

图2 南大西洋Ω _文石断面分布 ^{[

20
]}
SAZ表示亚南极区,PFZ表示极锋区,PZ表示极区,SAF表示亚南极锋,PF表示极锋,SACCF表示南极绕极流锋,SBdy表示绕极流的南部边界;AAIW表示南极中层水,WW表示冬季水,UCDW表示上层的绕极深层水,LCDW表示下层的绕极深层水,WSDW表示威德尔海深层水,AABW表示南极底层水,NADW表示北大西洋深层水

Fig.2 Distribution of Ω _arg in the south Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean ^{[

20
]}
SAZ. Sub Antarctic Zone; PFZ. Polar Front Zone; PZ. Polar Zone;SAF. Sub Antarctic Front; PF. Polar Front; SACCF. Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front; SBdy. Southern Boundary; AAIW. Antarctic Intermediate Water; WW. Winter Water; UCDW. Upper Circumpolar Deep Water; LCDW. Lower Circumpolar Deep Water; WSDW.Weddell Sea Deep Water; AABW. Antarctic Bottom Water;NADW. North Atlantic Deep Water

表1 南大洋不同海域表层水pH,溶解无机碳,总碱度和Ω _文石平均数值

Table 1 Summary of averaged pH, DIC, TA and Ω _arg observed at various regions surface water in the Southern Ocean

调查海域		调查年份	pH	DIC/(μmol/kg)	TA/(μmol/kg)	Ω_文石	参考文献
南大洋(40°S以南)		1990—1998年	8.10± 0.04	2 034±77	2 306±45	3.02±0.90	[2]
	南大西洋	1957—2014年	8.10±0.01	2 120±26	2 288±8	1.85±0.26	[29]
开阔大洋	南太平洋	1957—2014年	8.08±0.01	2 113±33	2 293±16	1.96±0.21	[29]
	南印度洋	1957—2014年	8.08±0.01	2 137±23	2 294±10	1.73±0.20	[29]
近岸海域	威德尔海	2010—2011年 (1月)	—	—	—	1.80±0.32	[13]
	普里兹湾	2010—2011年 (5月至2月)	8.06±0.07	2212±40	2 333±17	1.40±0.23	[30]
	罗斯海	2010—2011年 (12月至2月)	8.33±0.092	2071±51	2 309±11	2.50±0.50	[35]

表1 南大洋不同海域表层水pH,溶解无机碳,总碱度和Ω _文石平均数值

Table 1 Summary of averaged pH, DIC, TA and Ω _arg observed at various regions surface water in the Southern Ocean

调查海域		调查年份	pH	DIC/(μmol/kg)	TA/(μmol/kg)	Ω_文石	参考文献
南大洋(40°S以南)		1990—1998年	8.10± 0.04	2 034±77	2 306±45	3.02±0.90	[2]
	南大西洋	1957—2014年	8.10±0.01	2 120±26	2 288±8	1.85±0.26	[29]
开阔大洋	南太平洋	1957—2014年	8.08±0.01	2 113±33	2 293±16	1.96±0.21	[29]
	南印度洋	1957—2014年	8.08±0.01	2 137±23	2 294±10	1.73±0.20	[29]
近岸海域	威德尔海	2010—2011年 (1月)	—	—	—	1.80±0.32	[13]
	普里兹湾	2010—2011年 (5月至2月)	8.06±0.07	2212±40	2 333±17	1.40±0.23	[30]
	罗斯海	2010—2011年 (12月至2月)	8.33±0.092	2071±51	2 309±11	2.50±0.50	[35]

图3 在不同光照、混合层深度(MLD)和Fe 含量情况下,3种不同状态的Δ ρ的概念模型图 ^{[

13
]}
OMLD:理想的混合层深度,DMLD:较深的混合层深度,SMLD:较浅的混合层深度

Fig.3 Conceptual model of the three states of Δ ρ that we propose to be critical for water column stability, MLD and nutrient (primarily iron) concentration[Fe] and light ^{[

13
]}
OMLD.Optimal Mixing Layer Depth; DMLD.Deep Mixing Layer Depth; SMLD.Shallow Mixing Layer Depth

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