二氧化碳地质封存与利用工程废弃井技术的现状与进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.03.0225.

地球科学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 225 -235. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.03.0225.

李琦(

), 宋然然, 匡冬琴, 卢绪涛, 李小春

中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430071

收稿日期:2016-02-03 修回日期:2016-03-01 出版日期:2016-03-20
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目“酸气—咸水作用下岩石特异性破坏机理研究”(编号:41274111);环境保护部环境规划院科研计划专题任务“CCUS示范项目封存环境风险评估试点研究”(编号:2015A111)资助

Status and Advances of Abandoned Process of Wells for CO ₂ Geological Storage

Qi Li( ), Ranran Song, Dongqin Kuang, Xutao Lu, Xiaochun Li

State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China

Received:2016-02-03 Revised:2016-03-01 Online:2016-03-20 Published:2016-03-10
About author:
First author:Li Qi (1972-), male, Qingzhou City, Shandong Province,Professor. Researche areas include carbon dioxide geological utilization and storage (CCUS) and acid gas injection (AGI).E-mail:qli@whrsm.ac.cn
Supported by:
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Failure mechanism of rock under acid gas and saline water interaction” (No.41274111);The Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China “Environmental risk assessment of CCUS demonstration project: A pilot study”(No.2015A111)

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随着二氧化碳(CO₂)地质封存(CCS)与利用(CCUS)相关工程的快速进展,CO₂封存场地的废弃井能否有效地封堵残余的CO₂成为一项亟待解决的课题。目前,国内外在油气领域的废弃井作业已经有具体成熟的技术和丰富的经验,但是在CCS/CCUS领域,针对CO₂作业井(包括CO₂注入井和CO₂监测井)的废弃作业国际上仅有少量公开实例,国内尚为空白。首先,总结国外发达国家(荷兰、美国和加拿大等)关于CO₂作业井废弃所需的要求、材料以及实例经验中的监测要求;其次,归纳国内油气行业废弃井作业的技术现状;最后,总结CO₂作业井废弃作业与常规废弃井作业的不同之处,并提出未来CO₂作业井废弃作业建议。该研究对即将封井的神华CCS示范项目的废弃作业具有重要意义。

关键词: CO2地质封存与利用, 废弃井, 注入井, 水泥塞, CO2泄漏风险

With the rapid development of CO₂ geological storage and utilization (CCS/CCUS), the abandoned well in the sites of CCS/CCUS projects is becoming an important subject to be solved to check whether it can effectively block the residual CO₂ or not. Up to now, the abandoned process of wells in the field of oil and gas in China and abroad have gained mature operation technology and rich experience. However, in the field of CCS/CCUS, there is only a small number of global public instances about the abandoned process of operational wells of CO₂ including CO₂ injection wells and CO₂ monitoring wells, and the domestic instance is still blank. In this paper, we firstly summarized the required demands, materials, cases of operational experiences, and monitoring requirements of the abandoned process of operational wells of CO₂ in the developed countries, e.g. the Netherlands, the United States and Canada. Then, we figured out the status of the abandoned process of domestic wells in oil and gas industry. Finally, we concluded the differences of the abandoned process between operational wells of CO₂ and traditional wells of oil and gas, and proposed some recommendations for the abandoned process of operational wells of CO₂ in the current and future CCS/CCUS projects in China. This study has important implications for the upcoming abandoned process of all the operational wells at Shenhua CCS demonstration site in 2016.

Key words: CO2 geological storage and utilization, Abandoned well, Injection well, Cement plug, CO2 leakage risk.

中图分类号:

P618.13

图1 平衡塞法(a)和倾筒法(b) ^{[

4
]}

Fig.1 Balanced plug method (a) and dump bailer method (b) ^{[

4
]}

图2 双塞注水泥法 ^{[

4
]}

Fig.2 Two-plug method ^{[

4
]}

表1 研究的6个泄漏案例中的泄漏发生率 ^{[

13
]}

Table 1 Occurrence of well leakage reported in six case studies ^{[

13
]}

案例样品	发生率详情
大样研究	在美国,约7 000口无人照应井中的6.1%泄漏率: 6.1%的井<35 t/a,90%的井<200 t/a
	在墨西哥湾,约30 000口井中的11.6%通过套管柱发生泄漏
	在加拿大阿尔伯塔省实验区,约20 000口井中的9.8%; 6.3%的井泄漏的气体是通过土壤运移的,与套管泄漏的比例差不多是1∶ 1
小样研究	250口井中的15%套管柱失效
	在墨西哥湾,26口井中的85%
	在美国加州Santa Fe Springs油田,50口井中的75%

表1 研究的6个泄漏案例中的泄漏发生率 ^{[

13
]}

Table 1 Occurrence of well leakage reported in six case studies ^{[

13
]}

案例样品	发生率详情
大样研究	在美国,约7 000口无人照应井中的6.1%泄漏率: 6.1%的井<35 t/a,90%的井<200 t/a
	在墨西哥湾,约30 000口井中的11.6%通过套管柱发生泄漏
	在加拿大阿尔伯塔省实验区,约20 000口井中的9.8%; 6.3%的井泄漏的气体是通过土壤运移的,与套管泄漏的比例差不多是1∶ 1
小样研究	250口井中的15%套管柱失效
	在墨西哥湾,26口井中的85%
	在美国加州Santa Fe Springs油田,50口井中的75%

图3 CO ₂注入井的设计
(a)2个套管柱;(b)单一套管柱

Fig.3 Design of CO ₂ injection well
(a) Two casing string option; (b) One casing string option

表2 API推荐的CO ₂注入井设计和施工所需的材料 ^{[

15
]}

Table 2 Materials recommended by API for design and construction of CO ₂ injection well ^{[

15
]}

组件	材料
采油树(下井仪月检)	316SS,无电镀镍,蒙乃尔合金
阀门充填物和封隔器	聚四氟乙烯塑料,尼龙
井头(下井仪月检)	316SS,无电镀镍,蒙乃尔合金
油管	玻璃制加强环氧基树脂—有衬板的黑金钢石钢,内部有塑料涂层的黑金刚石钢,抗腐蚀性合金
油管接缝密封	密封环,有涂层的丝扣和垫圈
开/关工具,侧面短节	镀镍的水下的零件,316SS
封隔器	内部有淬硬的橡胶等。镀镍的水下的零件;在老井,为了改进密封已磨损的套管,部分采用抗腐蚀合金
水泥和水泥添加物	API水泥和/或抗酸性水泥

表2 API推荐的CO ₂注入井设计和施工所需的材料 ^{[

15
]}

Table 2 Materials recommended by API for design and construction of CO ₂ injection well ^{[

15
]}

组件	材料
采油树(下井仪月检)	316SS,无电镀镍,蒙乃尔合金
阀门充填物和封隔器	聚四氟乙烯塑料,尼龙
井头(下井仪月检)	316SS,无电镀镍,蒙乃尔合金
油管	玻璃制加强环氧基树脂—有衬板的黑金钢石钢,内部有塑料涂层的黑金刚石钢,抗腐蚀性合金
油管接缝密封	密封环,有涂层的丝扣和垫圈
开/关工具,侧面短节	镀镍的水下的零件,316SS
封隔器	内部有淬硬的橡胶等。镀镍的水下的零件;在老井,为了改进密封已磨损的套管,部分采用抗腐蚀合金
水泥和水泥添加物	API水泥和/或抗酸性水泥

图4 在用饼状封堵塞之前(a)和之后(b)的CO ₂地质封存的注入井 ^{[

13
,

17
]}

Fig.4 CO ₂ injection well before (a)and after abandonment (b)using a pancake-type plug ^{[

13
,

17
]}

图5 LIR-47井废弃后的示意图
显示在CO ₂封存目标储层的盖层深度处缺乏一个废弃塞

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of well LIR-47 after abandonment
Showing the absence of an abandonment plug at the depth of the caprock (Holland Greensand)

图6 LIR-7井废弃后的示意图

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of well LIR-7 after abandonment

图7 酸气回注井和CO ₂注入井的失效对比
(a)失效模式统计;(b)根据注入井类型统计的失效率

Fig.7 Comparison of failure in acid gas injection wells and CO ₂ injection wells
(a)Number of failure according to different types of failure; (b)Failure per well according to different types of injection wells, i.e. the well from built on purpose or converted

表3 淡水层监控建议方案一览表

Table 3 Recommended monitoring scheme for freshwater formations

流体运移能力	监控参数	监控要求
流体运移能力	监控参数	初始时期	监控时期
最小	液面或压力变化	3个月	5年
最小	监控开采方式的改变	需要时
小	压力变化	3个月	1年
小	套管试压	3个月	5年
中等	压力变化	3个月	1月
中等	套管试压	3个月	1年
强		实时监控,立即评估处理

表3 淡水层监控建议方案一览表

Table 3 Recommended monitoring scheme for freshwater formations

流体运移能力	监控参数	监控要求
流体运移能力	监控参数	初始时期	监控时期
最小	液面或压力变化	3个月	5年
最小	监控开采方式的改变	需要时
小	压力变化	3个月	1年
小	套管试压	3个月	5年
中等	压力变化	3个月	1月
中等	套管试压	3个月	1年
强		实时监控,立即评估处理

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Status and Advances of Abandoned Process of Wells for CO 2 Geological Storage

Status and Advances of Abandoned Process of Wells for CO ₂ Geological Storage