土壤湿度参数化及对天气和气候模拟影响的研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.03.236.

地球科学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 236 -247. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.03.236.

李得勤 ^1, ²(

), 张述文 ², 文小航 ³, 贺慧 ¹

1.沈阳中心气象台,辽宁沈阳 110166
2.兰州大学半干旱气候变化教育部重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730000
3.成都信息工程学院,四川成都 610225

收稿日期:2015-11-29 修回日期:2016-01-05 出版日期:2016-03-20
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目“参数优化和数据同化用于估算土壤湿度的研究”(编号:41105064)和“中国东北半干旱区能量水分循环过程的资料同化与数值模拟研究”(编号:41405063)资助

Soil Moisture Parameterization and Its Influences in Weather and Climate Simulation: A Review

Deqin Li ^1, ²( ), Shuwen Zhang ², Xiaohang Wen ³, Hui He ¹

1.Shenyang Central Meteorological Observatory, Shenyang 110166, China
2.College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
3.Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China

Received:2015-11-29 Revised:2016-01-05 Online:2016-03-20 Published:2016-03-10
About author:
First author:Li Deqin (1981-), male, Minle County,Gansu Province, Associate professor. Research areas include land surface process, data assimilation, weather and climate simulation.E-mail:lewen05@hotmail.com
Supported by:
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Estimating soil moisture profile by using parameter optimization in land data assimilation”(No.41105064) and “Data assimilation and numerical simulation of water-energy cycle processes over semi-arid Northeastern China”(No.41405063)

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陆面过程中土壤湿度相关的水文过程及对天气和气候模拟的影响已经受到国内外学者的广泛关注。首先,追溯了土壤湿度的定义和确定方法,回顾了陆面模式中土壤湿度相关的水文参数化过程,包括不同土壤类型的水文曲线和土壤湿度方程的数值求解方法;其次,详细地给出了目前陆面模式中所使用的土壤水文参数的确定方法及其存在的不确定性,指出了参数敏感性分析和优化方法在陆面参数确定中的重要性,及最新的陆面水文参数集的建立在陆面模式的发展和土壤湿度准确模拟中的重要性。最后,总结了国内外关于土壤湿度对降水的反馈机制的研究进展,主要分为土壤湿度的时空分布特征和异常对季节性降水的正反馈作用,以及中尺度土壤湿度的非均匀性对局地对流激发的负反馈作用。通过总结已有的研究进展后分析了土壤湿度模拟中存在的不确定性因素,给出了土壤湿度对未来天气和气候模拟影响的主要研究方向。

关键词: 陆面模式, 水文过程, 土壤湿度, 气候效应, 反馈机制

The soil hydrological process in land surface models and its influences on weather and climate simulation have got much attention by scholars both at home and abroad. First, this paper traced the definition and determination of soil moisture, and then reviewed its parameterization in different models, including soil-water characteristic curves for different soil types and numerical methods for solving soil moisture equations. Moreover, methods of soil hydrological parameter determination and uncertainties within land surface models were specified. Also, the importance of methods in parameter sensitivity analysis and optimization was emphasized, and the new datasets of soil hydraulic parameters would play a very important role in the improvement of the land surface model and soil moisture simulation. Finally, the research progress of feedback mechanism between soil moisture and precipitation was summarized. Spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture and its abnormal would cause a positive feedback, and on the contrary, the meso-scale characteristics of soil moisture distribution had a negative feedback. By summarizing the progresses of the uncertainties and problems in soil moisture simulation, the influences of soil moisture on simulating weather and climate were pointed out.

Key words: Land surface model, Hydrological processes, Soil moisture, Climatic effect, Feedback mechanism.

中图分类号:

P461.4

表1 4个主流陆面模式中水文参数化及其参数设置

Table 1 Soil moisture parameterization and parameters sets in land surface models

陆面模式	水文模型	PTF水文模型	水文参数	土壤层数和厚度分布	水文参数集和分辨率
CLM	Clapp等^{[ 18 ]}和 Cosby等^{[ 20 ]}	土壤质地和水文参数回归方程计算	土壤沙粒量,土壤黏粒量,土壤粉粒量,有机质浓度	10层 0.018,0.045,0.091,0.166,0.289,0.493,0.829,1.383,2.296,3.433 m	土壤成分:5'×5' 16类植被:0.5°× 0.5°
Noah	Clapp等^{[ 18 ]}	土壤查表法	饱和含水量,饱和水势,田间赤水量,萎蔫系数,饱和水势,饱和土壤水传导率,b,饱和扩散率,土壤热扩散系数,矿物质含量,坡度	4层 0.1,0.3,0.6和1.0 m	24类植被: 30″×30″ 27类土壤:5'×5'
VIC	Brooks-Corey 模型 Cosby等^{[ 20 ]}	根据土壤质地三角图结合查表法	土壤沙粒量,土壤黏粒量,土壤体积浓度,田间持水量,萎蔫系数,饱和含水量(土壤孔隙度),饱和土壤水传导率,b	3层 0.1, 1.6和1.9 m	12类土壤:5'×5' 11类植被:0.25°× 0.25°
CABLE	Clapp 等^{[ 18 ]}	查表法	土壤沙粒量,土壤黏粒量,土壤比热容,饱和土壤水传导率,土壤类型,土壤体积浓度,b,田间持水量,饱和含水量,饱和水势,萎蔫系数	6层 0.022,0.058,0.154, 0.409,1.085和2.872 m	9类土壤:2°×2° 13类植被:1°×1°

表1 4个主流陆面模式中水文参数化及其参数设置

Table 1 Soil moisture parameterization and parameters sets in land surface models

陆面模式	水文模型	PTF水文模型	水文参数	土壤层数和厚度分布	水文参数集和分辨率
CLM	Clapp等^{[ 18 ]}和 Cosby等^{[ 20 ]}	土壤质地和水文参数回归方程计算	土壤沙粒量,土壤黏粒量,土壤粉粒量,有机质浓度	10层 0.018,0.045,0.091,0.166,0.289,0.493,0.829,1.383,2.296,3.433 m	土壤成分:5'×5' 16类植被:0.5°× 0.5°
Noah	Clapp等^{[ 18 ]}	土壤查表法	饱和含水量,饱和水势,田间赤水量,萎蔫系数,饱和水势,饱和土壤水传导率,b,饱和扩散率,土壤热扩散系数,矿物质含量,坡度	4层 0.1,0.3,0.6和1.0 m	24类植被: 30″×30″ 27类土壤:5'×5'
VIC	Brooks-Corey 模型 Cosby等^{[ 20 ]}	根据土壤质地三角图结合查表法	土壤沙粒量,土壤黏粒量,土壤体积浓度,田间持水量,萎蔫系数,饱和含水量(土壤孔隙度),饱和土壤水传导率,b	3层 0.1, 1.6和1.9 m	12类土壤:5'×5' 11类植被:0.25°× 0.25°
CABLE	Clapp 等^{[ 18 ]}	查表法	土壤沙粒量,土壤黏粒量,土壤比热容,饱和土壤水传导率,土壤类型,土壤体积浓度,b,田间持水量,饱和含水量,饱和水势,萎蔫系数	6层 0.022,0.058,0.154, 0.409,1.085和2.872 m	9类土壤:2°×2° 13类植被:1°×1°

图1 土壤湿度非均匀性诱发的对流初始化的概念模型 ^{[

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Fig.1 Schematic depicting the impact of soil-moisture heterogeneity on convective initiation ^{[

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