CO
  <sub>2</sub>地质封存四维多分量地震监测技术进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.10.1119.

CCS技术是目前公认的快速减缓温室效应的最有效方法,CO₂地质封存是CCS技术最核心的问题之一,监测CO₂地质封存的安全性贯穿于CO₂注入过程中与封存以后。四维地震监测技术是监测CO₂是否泄漏、证实CO₂封存安全性最有效的技术手段。常规四维地震技术通过对比CO₂注入前后及注入不同阶段2次或者多次三维地震纵波振幅差异与旅行时差异,确定CO₂在地下分布。而纵波振幅或旅行时差异是CO₂饱和度与孔隙压力的综合反映,单纯的纵波信息难以区分饱和度与压力信息。目前,四维多分量地震监测技术的潜力并未挖掘,由于横波速度对于压力敏感,利用四维转换波信息监测CO₂地质封存,可以识别注入CO2的压力分布范围。对于各向异性介质的储层,对比一次地震观测PS₁,PS₂旅行时、振幅差异与2次地震采集之间PS₁,PS₂旅行时、振幅差异,还可以有效确定注入CO₂前与注入期间储层裂隙、裂缝的变化,以及储层与盖层的应力状态。四维多分量地震资料结合岩石物理资料和全波列测井资料,可以更准确地确定可能的CO₂泄漏风险区域,更加可靠地评估CO₂地质封存的安全性。

关键词: CO2地质封存, CCS, 四维地震监测, 多分量地震技术

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is currently recognized as the most effective way to mitigate greenhouse gas. CO₂ geological storage is the key technique in CCS, and monitoring the safety of CO₂ geological storage runs through the whole CCS project from CO₂ injection and after closure. 4D seismic monitoring technique is the most effective way to monitor the leakage of CO₂ and to confirm the safety of CO₂ sequestration. Traditional 4D seismic technology predicts saturation of CO₂ and pressure distribution in reservoir by comparing two vintages seismic amplitude and travel time from two or repeated 3D seismic data before and after CO₂ injection or between two different injection stages. 4D multicomponent seismic monitoring has a great potential to be explored. Because shear wave velocity is sensitive to pressure, we may discriminate pore pressure distribution by using 4D multicomponent seismic information. For anisotropy reservoir, we may confirm the change of reservoir fissures and fractures as well as reservoir and caprock stress status before and after CO₂ injection through comparing difference of travel time and amplitude of PS₁ and PS₂ wave in two vintages seismic acquisition. Furthermore, we will find out potential CO₂ leakage risk area more accurately and evaluate the safety of CO₂ sequestration more reliablely by combining rock physics experiment and dipole sonic log data with 4D multicomponent seismic monitoring.

Key words: CO2 geological storage, CCS, 4D seismic monitoring, Multicomponent seismic technology.

中图分类号:

P631.4

图1 多分量地震勘探示意图 ^{[

24
]}

Fig. 1 Map of converted-wave exploration ^{[

24
]}

图2 Weyburn油田CO ₂地质封存项目地震工区

Fig.2 Map of the 4D seismic monitoring area in Weyburn CCS project

图3 Weyburn地区1999年采集的（a）转换波剖面与（b）纵波剖面对比

Fig. 3 Comparisonbetween (a) PS-wave section and (b) PP-wave section acquired in 1999 at Weyburnfield

图4 McElroy碳酸盐岩不同孔隙度岩样的CO ₂饱和度与孔隙压力双重作用的纵、横波速度变化情况 ^{[

45
]} 图中数字为不同样品编号

Fig. 4 Combined effects of CO ₂ saturation and pore pressure on Vp and Vs in the McElroy sampleswith different porosity ^{[

45
]}. The number in plots indicates sample number.

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摘要

Research Progress of 4D Multicomponent Seismic Monitoring Techniquein Carbon Capture and Storage