地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 581 -596. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.044   cstr: 32269.14.adearth.CN62-1091/P.2026.044

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温压条件下裂缝粗糙度渗流特征与模型构建研究进展
李雯(), 曾联波(), 鲍天禄, 杨子艺, 袁玥琦   
  1. 中国石油大学(北京) 地球科学学院,北京 102249
  • 收稿日期:2026-04-08 修回日期:2026-05-18 出版日期:2026-06-10
  • 通讯作者: 曾联波 E-mail:2024210070@student.cup.edu.cn;lbzeng@cup.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金重点项目(U21B2062)

Research Progress on Seepage Characteristics and Model Construction of Rough Fractures under Temperature-Pressure Conditions

Wen Li(), Lianbo Zeng(), Tianlu Bao, Ziyi Yang, Yueqi Yuan   

  1. College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  • Received:2026-04-08 Revised:2026-05-18 Online:2026-06-10 Published:2026-09-02
  • Contact: Lianbo Zeng E-mail:2024210070@student.cup.edu.cn;lbzeng@cup.edu.cn
  • About author:Li Wen, research areas include formation and distribution of fractured and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, as well as related prediction techniques. E-mail: 2024210070@student.cup.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21B2062)

裂缝广泛发育于地下岩层中,是影响流体运移和储集空间的重要地质因素。裂缝界面的几何粗糙度通过改变接触网络、开度非均质性和流动曲折度因子,进而控制裂缝的渗流能力和应力敏感性。针对温压条件下裂缝粗糙度对渗流能力的控制机制,围绕“粗糙界面几何特征如何转化为开度场结构、流动控制参数及跨尺度模型参数”等关键问题,系统梳理了近年来在裂缝界面粗糙特征表征、渗流控制机理、温压耦合响应及模型构建等方面的研究进展。裂缝粗糙度的表征方法已由二维经验评价向三维统计描述拓展;裂缝粗糙界面主要通过接触网络调整、开度重构和曲折流动影响渗流能力,并进一步影响优势通道形成及非线性流动特性;在温度和有效应力共同作用下,裂缝闭合、渗透率滞回及路径依赖特征更加显著,裂缝渗流模型也逐渐由简单几何修正转向结构参数嵌入、多尺度采样和结构驱动建模。未来需要进一步深化裂缝粗糙界面的几何特征与开度结构、流动控制参数以及跨尺度模型参数之间定量关系的构建,提升深部裂缝介质渗流预测和工程评价能力。

Fractures are pervasive in subsurface rock formations and strongly influence fluid migration, heat transport, storage capacity, and mechanical stability. Their hydraulic behavior is central to unconventional hydrocarbon recovery, geothermal development, underground energy storage, and geological carbon dioxide sequestration. However, natural fractures rarely behave as smooth and idealized parallel-plate channels. Surface roughness generates uneven contacts, heterogeneous apertures, and tortuous pathways, making fracture permeability scale-dependent, stress-sensitive, and potentially nonlinear. A unified understanding of how measurable surface geometry controls these responses remains lacking, particularly under coupled thermal and pressure conditions. This review examines how roughness descriptors can be translated into aperture-field structures, flow-control parameters, and cross-scale model inputs. It synthesizes recent advances in interface characterization, roughness-controlled flow mechanisms, coupled thermal and pressure responses, and predictive modeling. Particular attention is given to the transition from two-dimensional empirical indices to three-dimensional statistical, fractal, and self-affine descriptions. The available evidence shows that roughness affects flow mainly through the coupled evolution of contact topology, aperture connectivity, and pathway tortuosity. These processes redistribute local velocities, reorganize preferential channels, promote recirculation, and alter the relationship between pressure gradient and volumetric flow rate. Their hydraulic consequences cannot therefore be represented reliably by mean aperture or a single roughness index alone. Temperature variations and effective stress further modify contact-area distributions and hydraulic apertures through thermally induced deformation and stress-dependent fracture closure. These interactions intensify permeability hysteresis and produce loading-path and thermal-history dependence, complicating parameter transfer between laboratory tests and field-scale predictions. Existing models are consequently evolving from parallel-plate corrections and empirical permeability relations toward structure-informed formulations, discrete-fracture representations, multiscale upscaling, and data–physics integration. However, progress remains limited by inconsistent roughness metrics, insufficient three-dimensional experimental datasets, scale effects, and weak validation under realistic coupled conditions. Future research should establish dimensionally consistent links among surface morphology, contact topology, aperture connectivity, and effective permeability. It should also integrate high-resolution imaging, in situ monitoring, controlled experiments, and uncertainty quantification across representative scales. Physics-informed and graph-based learning may assist parameter inversion and rapid prediction, but their constraints and extrapolation limits require transparent evaluation. By clarifying the geometry-to-structure-to-flow pathway, this review provides a framework for selecting roughness descriptors and constructing transferable fracture-flow models. These advances can improve hydraulic predictions and risk assessment for unconventional hydrocarbon recovery, geothermal development, underground energy storage, and geological carbon dioxide sequestration.

中图分类号: 

表1 裂缝粗糙度定量表征方法
Table 1 Quantitative characterization methods for roughness
表征参数计算公式参考文献备注
算术平均粗糙度RaRa=1L∫0Lzxdx[28-29]

Ra :算数平均粗糙度;

Rq :均方根粗糙度;

Rsk :高度分布偏度;

Rku :高度分布偏度;

Rp :剖面粗糙度;

z(x+δ):表示沿轮廓评价方向,由原位置x平移一个滞后距离后,在x+δ位置处相对于轮廓平均的高度差。

Z2:均方根坡度;

L:轮廓评价长度;

Ltrue:轮廓真实长度;

JRC:结构面粗糙系数;

z(x):位置x处相对于轮廓平均线的高度偏差;

x:沿轮廓评价方向的坐标;

δ:结构函数中的滞后距离;

n:轮廓采样点数;

zi、zi+1:第i个和第i+1个采样点相对于轮廓平均线的高度偏差;

∆x:相邻轮廓采样点的间距;

A:表面评价面积;

z(x,y):坐标(x,y)处相对于表面平均面的高度偏差;

x、y:表面平面坐标;

τ:二维自相关函数中的滞后距离;

τx,τy:三维自相关函数沿x和y方向的滞后距离;

Nε:为尺度下覆盖裂缝轮廓或表面所需的盒子数量;

ε:盒计数法中的盒尺度

均方根粗糙度RqRq=1∫0Lz2xdxL[28-29]
偏度/峰度

Rsk=1Rq31L∫0Lz3xdx

Rku=1Rq41L∫0Lz4xdx

[28]
剖面粗糙度RpRp=LtrueL[19,28]
结构函数SFSFδ=1L-δ∫0L-δzx+δ-z(x)2dx[10,30]
JRC-Z2

JRC=32.2+32.47log10 Z2

Z2=1n-1∑i=1n-1zi+1-zi∆x2

[29-30]
JRC-SFJRC=37.28+16.58log10 SFδ[30]
面均方根高度SqSq=1A∬Az2x,ydxdy[18,31]
轮廓偏度和峰度

Ssk=1Sq31A∬Az3x,ydxdy

Sku=1Sq41A∬Az4x,ydxdy

[18,31]
自相关函数ACF

二维:ACFτ=∫0L-τzxzx+τdx∫0Lz2xdx

三维:ACFτx,τy=∬zx,yzx+∆x,y+∆ydxdy∬z2x,ydxdy

[20-21,28]
分形维数DD=-dlogNεdlogε[22-23,25]
图1 二维轮廓框架下粗糙度典型计算参数及三维对应表征示意图
(a)和(b)计算参数Ra 及三维表征示意图;(c)和(d)计算参数Rp 及三维表征示意图;(e)和(f)计算参数Rq 及三维表征示意图;(g)计算参数Rsk 的三维表征示意图。
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of typical roughness parameters in a 2D profile framework and their corresponding 3D representations
(a) and (b) Calculated parameter Ra and its three-dimensional representation; (c) and (d) Calculated parameter Rp and its three-dimensional representation; (e) and (f) Calculated parameter Rq and its three-dimensional representation; (g) Three-dimensional representation of the calculated parameter Rsk .
图2 粗糙裂缝中流体流动三维示意图(据参考文献[38]修改)
(a)三维流体流动行为及二维切面示意图;(b)低法向应力下的流体流动行为;(c)高法向应力下的流体流动行为。
Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of three-dimensional fluid-flow in a rough fracture (modified after reference [38])
(a) 3D fluid-flow behavior and schematic 2D cross-sections; (b) Flow behavior under low normal stress; (c) Flow behavior under high normal stress.
图3 裂缝变形模型示意图[39]
(a)模型中的简化裂缝;(b)应力循环期间的裂缝变形。
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of a fracture deformation model[39]
(a) Simplified fracture in the model; (b) Fracture deformation during stress cycling.
图4 高温条件下渗透率双阶段演化[49]
(a)整个实验过程渗透率演化;(b)200 ℃时渗透率演化。
Fig. 4 Two-stage permeability evolution under high-temperature conditions[49]
(a) Permeability evolution throughout the entire experiment; (b) Permeability evolution at 200 °C.
表2 温压耦合条件下裂缝渗流有效应力表征路径对比
Table 2 Comparison of effective stress characterization approaches for fracture flow under coupled temperature-pressure conditions
表3 不同岩性与温压条件下粗糙裂缝渗流特征的典型案例对比
Table 3 Typical case comparison of seepage characteristics of rough fractures under different lithologies and temperature-pressure conditions
表4 裂缝多孔介质模型
Table 4 Models for fractured porous media
模型类别模型名称主要思想备注
裂缝等效化表征单连续体模型将裂缝影响“等效”为介质渗透率张量变化Γαβ:连续体α与连续体β之间的交换源项(s-1);Γmf :基质向裂缝的交换源项(s-1);σ:形状因子(m-2);βm:基质的流动系数,反映基质中流体流动的能力;pm和pf :分别为基质和裂缝中的流体压力(Pa)
多连续体模型多个叠置连续体分别列出守恒方程,通过传递项Γαβ表示基质—裂缝交换
双孔、双渗模型经典线性传递:Γmf=σβm(pm-pf)
多速率传递模型通过叠加多个具有不同指数和权重系数的一阶传递项,表征系统的记忆效应和时间非局部性
多重相互作用体模型将基质细分为多个相互作用连续介质,忽略内部宏观流动,改善基质—裂缝传递表征
裂缝显式化表征离散裂缝—基质模型(Discrete Fracture-Matrix model, DFM)裂缝与基质均显式参与流动
线性离散裂缝网络模型(Discrete Fracture Network model, DFN)忽略基质流动,流动仅在裂缝网络中,裂缝间通过交线或者交点耦合
嵌入式显式表征嵌入式离散裂缝模型(Embedded Discrete Fracture Model, EDFM)/投影型嵌入式离散裂缝模型(projection-based Embedded Discrete Fracture Model, pEDFM)裂缝嵌入主网格,通过非邻接连接耦合
数据—物理融合模型PINN(Physics-Informed Neural Network)、GNN(Graph Neural Network)等将控制方程、边界条件、裂缝—基质交换关系等嵌入神经网络训练过程,用于复杂裂缝渗流方程快速求解和参数反演
图5 裂缝网络显式化建模中线性离散裂缝网络模型(DFN)与粗糙离散裂缝网络模型(RDFN)对比示意图
(a)未考虑裂缝粗糙度的线性DFN;(b)考虑裂缝粗糙度的分形型RDFN;(c)正弦型RDFN;(d)随机正弦型RDFN;(e)傅里叶型RDFN;(f)混合型RDFN。
Fig. 5 Comparison of explicit fracture-network geometries between linear Discrete Fracture Network model (DFN) and Rough Discrete Fracture Network model (RDFN)
(a) Linear DFN without fracture roughness; (b) Fractal-type rough RDFN; (c) Sinusoidal-type rough RDFN; (d) Random-sinusoidal-type rough RDFN; (e) Fourier-type rough RDFN; (f) Mixed-type rough RDFN.
图6 裂缝流体建模典型模型
(a)概念选择模型[69];(b)拟合网格离散裂缝模型(DFM)[65];(c)非拟合网格投影型嵌入式离散裂缝模型(pEDFM)[66,71];(d)基于通用离散元程序(UDEC)和三维离散元程序(3DEC)的离散元模型[72];(e)基于颗粒流程序(PFC)的离散元模型[38]。
Fig. 6 Typical models for fracture-flow modeling
(a) Conceptual model selection framework[69]; (b) Conforming-mesh Discrete Fracture-Matrix model (DFM)[65]; (c) Non-conforming-mesh projection-based Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (pEDFM)[66,71]; (d) Distinct-element models using the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) and three-dimensional Distinct Element Code (3DEC)[72]; (e) Discrete-element model using the Particle Flow Code (PFC)[38].
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