地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 207 -222. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.017

研究论文 上一篇    

烃源岩热演化过程中的铀迁移
郭宇欣1,2(), 郑国东1,3(), 柳娜4, 张力1,2, 马晓峰1, 李平1, 马向贤1()   
  1. 1.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院,甘肃省油气资源勘探与评价重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.中国地质大学(武汉) 环境学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    4.中国石油 长庆油田分公司勘探开发研究院,低渗透油气田勘探开发国家工程实验室,陕西 西安 710018
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05 修回日期:2026-01-27 出版日期:2026-02-10
  • 通讯作者: 郑国东,马向贤 E-mail:guoyuxin23@mails.ucas.ac.cn;zhengguodong@cug.edu.cn;axxan@lzb.ac.cn;maxxan@lzb.ac.cn;zhengguodong@cug.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(42442006)

Uranium Migration During Thermal Evolution of Source Rocks

Yuxin Guo1,2(), Guodong Zheng1,3(), Na Liu4, Li Zhang1,2, Xiaofeng Ma1, Ping Li1, Xiangxian Ma1()   

  1. 1.Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources Research of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
    2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    3.School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
    4.National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low Permeability Oil and Gas Fields, Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Petro China Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an 710018, China
  • Received:2025-09-05 Revised:2026-01-27 Online:2026-02-10 Published:2026-04-02
  • Contact: Guodong Zheng, Xiangxian Ma E-mail:guoyuxin23@mails.ucas.ac.cn;zhengguodong@cug.edu.cn;axxan@lzb.ac.cn;maxxan@lzb.ac.cn;zhengguodong@cug.edu.cn
  • About author:Guo Yuxin, research areas include petroleum geology. E-mail: guoyuxin23@mails.ucas.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42442006)

沉积盆地深部烃源岩是重要的铀源,铀随着烃源岩热演化程度升高迁移并随着油气水等流体向上运移聚集。目前,深部烃源岩作为铀源已取得阶段性认识,但其迁移机理及油气水—铀相互作用机制缺乏系统归纳。通过梳理典型盆地烃源岩中铀含量与铀形态数据,综合热模拟与溶解实验中铀携出率、低分子有机酸与油气产率等参数,进行对比归纳与机制讨论,为砂岩型铀矿深部铀源认识与油气水—铀作用机制研究提供参考。研究表明,烃源岩普遍富铀但不同盆地差异显著;铀赋存形态表现为强非均质性,且与铀的总含量没有稳定的对应关系。烃源岩热演化过程中铀呈现多阶段迁移特征,其携出率最高可达78%左右(未成熟烃源岩,2 MPa,200 °C),并且在有机酸大规模生成前铀迁移就已发生,比其他微量元素迁移得更早,可能与烃源岩中水溶态、可交换态的铀有关。之后,随着有机酸的大量产出,铀的携出率保持较高水平,直至生烃初期有所降低。生烃高峰阶段铀携出率的再度提升,提示可能与原油对铀的溶解有关。现有证据支持烃源岩中的铀可随热演化过程的进行而迁移并在浅部富集,但相关证据仍有不足。未来研究可关注铀形态与烃源岩中铀的迁移间的协同规律;深入地层温压条件下原油/油—水体系溶解铀与相间分配机制;温度、压力和pH等外部条件对Ca2+-U6+-CO32-等络合体系的控制关系等。

Deep-buried source rocks in sedimentary basins are increasingly recognized as potentially significant sources of uranium. With ongoing thermal maturation, uranium can be mobilized from source rocks and transported upward with oil, gas, and formation water, eventually leading to shallow enrichment. Although the role of deep source rocks as uranium sources has garnered broad attention, a comprehensive synthesis of uranium migration mechanisms and oil-gas-water-uranium interactions remains absent. Here, uranium abundance data from source rocks in representative basins are compiled alongside evidence from sequential extraction and spectroscopic studies. Key insights from thermal simulation and dissolution experiments—including uranium release efficiency, yields of low-molecular-weight organic acids, and hydrocarbon generation yields—are integrated to enable comparative analysis and mechanistic discussion relevant to sandstone-hosted uranium systems. Published data suggest that source rocks are generally uranium-enriched, but uranium contents vary significantly among basins. Uranium speciation is highly heterogeneous and shows no consistent relationship with overall uranium concentration. Uranium mobilization during thermal evolution appears to occur in multiple stages, with reported release efficiencies reaching approximately 78% (immature source rock, 2 MPa, 200 °C). Notably, uranium mobilization can occur prior to extensive organic-acid generation and earlier than many other trace elements, potentially reflecting contributions from water-soluble and exchangeable uranium fractions. After significant production of organic acids, uranium release often remains elevated until early hydrocarbon generation. A renewed increase in uranium release during peak hydrocarbon production indicates that crude oil may enhance uranium dissolution and/or promote phase partitioning. Overall, available evidence supports the idea that uranium is progressively mobilized from source rocks during maturation and accumulates at shallower levels, although key uncertainties remain. Future research should (i) clarify the coupling between uranium speciation and mobilization pathways during source rock maturation; (ii) quantify uranium solubility and interphase partitioning in crude oil and oil–water systems under realistic subsurface temperature-pressure conditions; and (iii) provide quantitative constraints on how external parameters—particularly temperature, pressure, and pH—govern the stability and behavior of uranyl–carbonate complexes (e.g., Ca-U(VI)-CO32- species).

中图分类号: 

表 1 部分盆地烃源岩铀含量
Table 1 Uranium content of source rocks in some basins
图1 部分盆地烃源岩铀含量统计图
Fig. 1 Statistical map of uranium content in source rocks of some basins
图 2 Marcellus页岩、Barnett页岩、Green River页岩和长7页岩铀形态61-62
Fig. 2 Uranium-shape of Marcellus shaleBarnett shaleGreen River shale and Chang 7 shale61-62
图 3 不同碳酸盐含量的Marcellus页岩铀形态63
Fig. 3 Uranium morphology of Marcellus shale with different carbonate contents63
图4 不同温度压力条件下页岩样品铀携出率、烃类释放量及溶液中铀含量变化31
(a)不同温度下压力为2 MPa页岩样品铀携出率、烃类释放量及溶液中铀含量;(b)不同压力下温度为200 ℃页岩样品铀携出率、烃类释放量及溶液中铀含量。
Fig. 4 Changes of uranium migration ratehydrocarbon release and uranium content in solution of shale samples under different temperature and pressure conditions31
(a) Uranium migration rate, hydrocarbon release amount and uranium content in the solution of shale samples at different temperatures with a pressure of 2 MPa; (b) Uranium migration rate, hydrocarbon release and uranium content in the solution of shale samples at 200 ℃ and different pressures.
图5 不同温度下原油对铀的溶解及加入原油水溶液对铀酰离子的溶解图3074
S1~S4为4种不同原油样品。
Fig. 5 Dissolution of uranium by crude oil at different temperatures and dissolution diagram of uranyl ion by adding crude oil aqueous solution3074
S1~S4 are four different crude oil samples.
图6 有机质热演化与金属元素迁移特征29
(a)铀携出率随温度变化;(b)有机酸产率随温度变化;(c)微量元素携出率随温度变化;(d)产烃率随温度变化。
Fig. 6 Characteristic diagram of thermal evolution of organic matter and migration of metal elements29
(a) Uranium mobility versus temperature; (b) Variation diagram of organic acid yield with temperature; (c) Variation diagram of trace element mobility with temperature; (d) Variation diagram of hydrocarbon production rate with temperature.
图7 不同温度条件下煤岩和泥岩产烃率变化8387
(a)煤岩和泥岩加入与未加入铀矿物的气态烃产率变化;(b)煤岩和泥岩加入与未加入铀矿物的液态烃产率变化。
Fig. 7 Variation diagram of hydrocarbon production rate of coalrock and mudstone at different temperatures8387
(a) Changes of gaseous hydrocarbon yield with and without the addition of coal, rock and mudstone; (b) The change of liquid hydrocarbon yield with and without the addition of coal and mudstone.
图8 铀迁移—富集模式
Fig. 8 Uranium migration-enrichment pattern diagram
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