地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 192 -206. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.019

研究论文 上一篇    下一篇

季节性水流控制下砂质辫状河沉积演化过程及内部构型特征——以鄂东地区巴河为例
冯文杰1(), 汪佩霖1, 秦国省2, 尹艳树1, 张昌民1, 雷涛3, 朱琨4   
  1. 1.长江大学 地球科学学院,湖北 武汉 430100
    2.中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京 100083
    3.中国石化华北油气分公司,河南 郑州 450006
    4.中国石油新疆油田分公司 勘探开发研究院,新疆 克拉玛依 834000
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-15 修回日期:2026-01-27 出版日期:2026-02-10
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(42572193);国家自然科学基金重点项目(42130813)

Sedimentary Evolution Process and Architecture Characteristics of Modern Sandy Braided Rivers under Seasonal Flow Control: A Case Study of the Ba River in the East Area of Hubei Province

Wenjie Feng1(), Peilin Wang1, Guosheng Qin2, Yanshu Yin1, Changmin Zhang1, Tao Lei3, Kun Zhu4   

  1. 1.School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
    2.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
    3.Sinopec North China Petroleum Bureau, Zhengzhou 450006, China
    4.Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Xinjiang Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Karamay Xinjiang 834000, China
  • Received:2025-12-15 Revised:2026-01-27 Online:2026-02-10 Published:2026-04-02
  • About author:Feng Wenjie, research areas include development geology of oil and gas fields, reservoir sedimentology. E-mail: fwj1017@yangtzeu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42572193)

砂质辫状河沉积演化过程具有高频迁移、快速改造、多期叠置的特征,复杂的水动力条件驱动水道频繁迁移,导致其内部构型高度复杂。为揭示季节性水流控制下砂质辫状河的沉积构型特征与沉积演化规律,采用现代河流探槽剖面实测与无人机倾斜摄影技术相结合的方法,系统记录巴河在不同时期的沉积地貌变迁,并基于探槽剖面沉积构型解析,分析季节性水流控制下的沉积演变过程与构型特征,并建立砂质辫状河的沉积模式。结果表明:①通过无人机测绘模型分析季节性砂质辫状河水流变化特点,发现流量变化是控制辫状河沉积演化的重要因素,在洪水期发育宽带状水道,水流几乎覆盖整个河床,驱动砂床顺流迁移,快速沉积形成朵状或舌状心滩;在平水期水位下降,水流仅存在于心滩之间的水道内,心滩演变速率降低,其形态转变为不规则的复合心滩。②在季节性水动力条件变化的控制下,辫状河内部砂体规模与岩相特征呈现显著的季节性差异,洪水期发育3种主要岩相,分别为砂砾岩(含大量卵石)(Gm)、大型板状交错层理砂岩(Sp2)和大型槽状交错层理砂岩(St2);平水期发育3种主要岩相,分别为小型板状交错层理砂岩(Sp1)、小型槽状交错层理砂岩(St1)和平行层理砂岩(Sh);洪水期发育深切的主干水道(CHm),心滩增生方式以顺流加积为主,形成舌状或朵状的厚层砂坝,单期沉积物厚度在1 m以上;平水期发育窄而浅的次级水道(CHs),心滩存在多种增生方式,包括顶部前积层披覆、顺流方向与侧向增生,单期沉积物厚度小于0.5 m,常以多期叠置方式出现在剖面上。③基于流量与沉积构型特征关系,建立了季节性砂质辫状河“建造—改造”两阶段演化模型。洪水期以“建造作用”为主导,高能水流携带粗粒沉积物,通过顺流加积与垂向加积形成大型朵状心滩,伴随主干水道强烈下切;平水期以“改造作用”为特征,水位下降导致心滩出露,心滩头部遭受侵蚀后移,中部经历“切割—充填—再切割”的多期改造,尾部则持续加积。在水流的周期变化下,砂质辫状河的地貌形态呈周期性变化,内部形成以洪水期增生体与平水期增生体相互交错叠置、相互拼合的复杂沉积构型样式。

Sandy braided river sedimentation is characterized by high-frequency migration, rapid reworking, and multi-stage superimposition, with complex hydrodynamics driving frequent channel changes that produce intricate internal architectures. To reveal the sedimentary architecture and evolution of sandy braided rivers under seasonal flow control, this study integrated trench profile measurements with UAV-based oblique photography to systematically document geomorphic changes in the Ba River across different periods. Analysis of trench profiles enabled examination of sedimentary processes and architectural characteristics, leading to the establishment of a sedimentary model.The results show that: Discharge variation is a key control on sedimentary evolution. During flood periods, wide channels cover nearly the entire riverbed, driving downstream sand migration and rapid deposition to form lobate or linguoid bars. During normal flow periods, decreased water levels confine flow to inter-bar channels, slowing bar evolution and transforming bar morphology into irregular composite forms. Under seasonal hydrodynamic fluctuations, the scale and lithofacies characteristics of sandy braided river deposits show significant seasonal differences. The flood period develops four main lithofacies: pebbly sandstone (with abundant gravels) (Gm), large-scale planar cross-bedding sandstone (Sp2), and large-scale trough cross-bedding sandstone (St2). The normal water period develops three main lithofacies: small-scale planar cross-bedding sandstone (Sp1), small-scale trough cross-bedding sandstone (St1), and parallel-laminated sandstone (Sh). During the flood period, deeply incised main channels (CHm) develop, with bar accretion dominated by downstream accretion, forming thick linguoid or lobate bars over 1 m thick. During the normal water period, narrow and shallow secondary channel bars (CHs) develop, with multiple bar accretion styles including topset progradation, downstream accretion, and lateral accretion. Individual layers are less than 0.5 m thick and often appear as multi-stage superimpositions in profiles. Based on the relationship between discharge and sedimentary architecture characteristics, a two-stage “construction-reworking” evolutionary model for seasonal sandy braided rivers has been established. During flood period, characterized by high-energy flows transporting coarse-grained sediments to form large lobate bars through downstream and vertical accretion, accompanied by intense incision of main channels. During normal water period, characterized by falling water levels that expose previously formed bars: bar heads undergo erosion and retreat, bar centers experience multi-stage “cutting-filling-recutting” modifications, while bar tails undergo continuous accretion. Under cyclic flow variations, the geomorphic morphology of sandy braided rivers exhibits periodic changes, resulting in a complex sedimentary architecture characterized by interbedded and amalgamated flood-season accretion units and normal-flow-season reworking units.

中图分类号: 

图1 鄂东地区巴河地理位置及数据采集河段
Fig. 1 The geographical location of the Ba River in the east area of Hubei Province and the river sections for data collection
图2 鄂东地区马家潭站水位流量图(202211日至1216日)
Fig. 2 The water level and flow chart of Majiatan Station in the east area of Hubei Provincefrom January 1 to December 162022
图3 鄂东地区巴河河床洪水期—平水期平面形态及高程变化(平湖乡河段)
(a)2022年6月河段高程图;(b)2022年8月河段高程图;(c)2022年12月河段高程图;(d)2022年6月河段地形图;(e)2022年8月河段地形图;(f)2022年12月河段地形图;(g)2022年6月剖面高程;(h)2022年8月剖面高程;(i)2022年12月剖面高程。
Fig. 3 The morphology and elevation changes of flood and normal period in the Ba River in the east area of Hubei ProvincePinghuxiang river section
(a) Elevation of the river section in June 2022; (b) Elevation of the river section in August 2022; (c) Elevation of the river section in December 2022; (d) Morphology of the river in June 2022; (e) Morphology of the river in August 2022; (f) Morphology of the river in December 2022; (g) Elevation of profile in June 2022; (h) Elevation of profile in August 2022; (i) Elevation of profile in December 2022.
图4 鄂东地区巴河单一心滩平水期平面形态及高程变化(铁脚岩河段)
(a)2022年8月心滩地形; (b)2022年12月心滩地形; (c)2022年8月心滩高程;(d)2022年12月心滩高程; (e)心滩高程变化量。
Fig. 4 The morphology and elevation change of single bar during normal period of the Ba River in the east area of Hubei ProvinceTiejiaoyan River section
(a) Morphology of bar in August 2022; (b) Morphology of bar in December 2022; (c) Elevation of bar in August 2022; (d) Elevation of bar in December 2022; (e) Elevation change of bar.
图5 鄂东地区巴河复合心滩平水期平面形态及高程变化(铁脚岩河段)
(a)2022年8月心滩地形; (b)2022年12月心滩地形; (c)心滩沉积侵蚀示意图,红色为沉积部分蓝色为侵蚀部分; (d)2022年8月心滩高程; (e)2022年12月心滩高程; (f)心滩高程变化量。
Fig. 5 The morphology and elevation change of compound bar during normal period of the Ba River in the east area of Hubei ProvinceTiejiaoyan River section
(a) Morphology of bar in August 2022; (b) Morphology of bar in December 2022; (c) Sedimentary and erosion of bar, red represents the sedimentary part and blue represents the eroded part; (d) Elevation of bar in August 2022; (e) Elevation of bar in December 2022; (f) Elevation change of bar.
表1 鄂东地区巴河剖面典型岩相特征
Table 1 Typical lithofacies of the Ba River in the east area of Hubei Province
图6 鄂东地区巴河探槽剖面典型岩相特征
(a)砂砾岩(含大量卵石)(剖面9);(b)小型板状交错层理砂岩(剖面13);(c)大型板状交错层理砂岩(剖面19);(d)小型板状交错层理砂岩(剖面16);(e)小型槽状交错层理砂岩(剖面1);(f)大型槽状交错层理砂岩(剖面18);(g)块状砂岩(剖面15);(h)平行层理砂岩(剖面17)。
Fig. 6 Typical lithographic characteristics in outcrops of the Ba River in the east area of Hubei Province
(a) Sandy conglomerate (section 9); (b) Small tabular cross-bedded sandstone (section 13); (c) Large tabular cross-bedded sandstone (section 19);(d) Small tabular cross-bedded sandstone (section 16); (e) Small trough cross-bedded sandstone (section 1); (f) Large trough cross-bedded sandstone (section 18); (g) Crudely bedded sandstone (section 15); (h) Parallel bedded sandstone (section 17).
表2 鄂东地区巴河沉积构造单元特征
Table 2 The characteristics of sedimentary architecture elements of the Ba River in the east area of Hubei Province
图7 鄂东地区巴河洪水期—平水期沉积构型特征
(a)12号剖面,次级水道(CHs)与心滩; (b)11号剖面,次级水道与(CHs)主干水道(CHm)(位置见图1)。
Fig. 7 Typical architecture elements during the flood-normal water periods in outcrop of the Ba River in the east area of Hubei Province
(a) Section 12, sedimentary channel (CHs) and bar; (b) Section 11, sedimentary channel (CHs) and main channel (CHm) (the location is shown in fig.1).
图8 鄂东地区巴河洪水期沉积构型特征(剖面18位置见图1
Fig. 8 Typical architecture elements during the flood periods in outcrop of the Ba River in the east area of Hubei Provinceoutcrop 18 location in fig. 1
图9 鄂东地区巴河平水期沉积构型特征(剖面1位置见图1
Fig. 9 Typical architecture elements of normal water period in outcrop of the Ba River in the east area of Hubei Provinceoutcrop 1 location in fig. 1
图10 砂质辫状河构型特征及演化模式
(a1),(a2)洪水期时砂质辫状河形态与剖面图; (b1),(b2)平水期时辫状河形态与剖面图(洪水期心滩位于水面以下)。
Fig. 10 The characteristic of architecture and the evolution model of the sand braided river
(a1), (a2) Morphology and cross-section profile of the sandy braided river during the flood period; (b1), (b2) Morphology and cross-section profile of the sandy braided river during the normal period (during the flood period, the bars are located below the water surface).
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