地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (9): 945 -960. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.072

研究论文 上一篇    下一篇

基于孔缝差异充填的岩溶水流动路径反演——以大牛地气田马家沟组为例
范云杰1(), 伏美燕1,2(), 邓虎成1,2, 朱俊阳1, 兰浩翔1, 吴冬1,2   
  1. 1.成都理工大学 能源学院,四川 成都 610059
    2.成都理工大学 油气藏地质 及开发工程国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11 修回日期:2025-08-21 出版日期:2025-09-10
  • 通讯作者: 伏美燕 E-mail:764600583@qq.com;fumeiyan08@cdut.cn
  • 基金资助:
    中国石化股份有限公司华北油气分公司项目(34550008-22-ZC0611-0014)

Recovery Method of Karst Water Flow Path Based on Differential Filling of Pores and Fractures: A Case Study of Majiagou Formation in Daniudi Gas Field

Yunjie FAN1(), Meiyan FU1,2(), Hucheng DENG1,2, Junyang ZHU1, Haoxiang LAN1, Dong WU1,2   

  1. 1.College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
    2.State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • Received:2025-04-11 Revised:2025-08-21 Online:2025-09-10 Published:2025-11-18
  • Contact: Meiyan FU E-mail:764600583@qq.com;fumeiyan08@cdut.cn
  • About author:FAN Yunjie, research area includes reservoir characteristics. E-mail: 764600583@qq.com
  • Supported by:
    the North China Oil and Gas Branch, SINOPEC Corporation(34550008-22-ZC0611-0014)

岩溶储层的孔缝差异充填特征对岩溶水系统具有重要的指示意义。岩溶水的流动性与滞留程度会造成碳酸盐岩储层溶蚀和充填程度的差异,从而影响储层物性。基于鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田奥陶系马家沟组构造与沉积背景,综合岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定以及元素和同位素分析等手段,系统剖析了马家沟组纵向岩溶分带特征及孔缝充填规律,探讨了孔缝差异充填及其对岩溶水流动路径的指示。结果表明:①马家沟组纵向发育风化壳岩溶带(马五1~5亚段)和顺层岩溶带(马五6亚段)。风化壳岩溶带以垂向渗流溶缝和水平潜流溶孔为特征,受古地貌控制显著;顺层岩溶带以下渗岩溶水溶蚀作用为主,形成溶洞与角砾岩。②岩溶储层中溶孔与溶缝耦合发育,识别出孔缝均被充填、孔未充缝全充、孔全充缝未充及孔缝均未充4种差异充填类型,反映岩溶水饱和程度和流体沉淀作用的差异性。③岩相分析显示,研究区岩溶地质体的断裂通道是岩溶水流动路径之一;地球化学参数(如Fe/Mn值、碳氧同位素及锶同位素)显示,风化壳岩溶带Fe/Mn值较高(平均51.30),碳氧同位素显著偏负,指示氧化环境下强烈的溶蚀作用;顺层岩溶带Fe/Mn值分布不均(20.78~92.47),锶同位素比值(0.711 034)高于同期海水,顺层流动过程中岩溶水滞留程度较高,溶蚀作用相对减弱。④孔缝充填特征与古地貌具有耦合关系,岩溶高地与斜坡过渡带(如S401井)因垂向渗流受限,孔缝呈全充填特征,导致储层有效性降低;斜坡与沟槽过渡带(如D126井)保留半开放流体环境,溶蚀物质沉淀较弱,有效储集空间更发育。研究表明,孔缝差异充填特征可结合岩溶古地貌、断裂分布和元素变化等手段综合揭示岩溶水流动路径及滞留状态,为岩溶储层评价及油气勘探提供重要依据。

Differential filling characteristics of pores and fractures in karst reservoirs serve as critical indicators for the reconstruction of paleokarst hydrogeological systems. The mobility and retention degree of karst water control the dissolution and filling processes in carbonate reservoirs, ultimately governing reservoir quality. Based on the tectonic and sedimentary background of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Daniudi gas field, Ordos Basin, this study integrated core observations, cast thin-section analyses, geochemical data (including elemental and isotopic compositions), and petrographic techniques to systematically investigate the vertical zonation of karst features and pore-fracture filling patterns. The implications of differential filling for tracing paleo-karst water flow pathways are discussed. Key findings are summarized as follows: First, the Majiagou Formation is divided into two vertical karst zones: a weathering crust karst zone (sub-members Ma 51~5) and a stratabound karst zone (sub-member Ma 56). Weathering crust karst zones are characterized by vertical seepage fractures and horizontal subsurface flow dissolution pores, which are strongly influenced by paleotopography. In contrast, the stratabound karst zone is dominated by downward-infiltrating karst water, forming dissolution caves and breccias. Second, the coupling between dissolution pores and fractures in the karst reservoir is evident. Four distinct filling patterns were identified: both pores and fractures were filled; pores were unfilled but fractures were filled; pores were filled but fractures were unfilled; and both pores and fractures were unfilled. These patterns reflect the differences in karst water saturation and mineral precipitation processes. Filling heterogeneity indicates variations in fluid chemistry and hydrodynamic conditions during diagenesis, and petrographic analysis revealed that fault systems act as primary conduits for karst water flow. Geochemical parameters further constrain fluid behavior; the weathering crust karst zone shows high Fe/Mn ratios (averaging 51.30) and significantly negative carbon-oxygen isotopic values, suggesting intense dissolution under oxidizing conditions. In the stratabound karst zone, Fe/Mn ratios vary widely (20.78~92.47), and strontium isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr=0.711034) exceed those of contemporaneous seawater, indicating prolonged water retention and reduced dissolution intensity during lateral flow. Fourth, the distribution of pore-fracture filling correlates with paleo-karst geomorphology. In the transition areas between karst highlands and slopes (e.g., Well S401), limited vertical seepage leads to the complete filling of pores and fractures, degrading reservoir effectiveness. In contrast, transition zones between slopes and grooves (e.g., Well D126) maintained semi-open fluid systems with minimal mineral precipitation, preserving effective storage space. This demonstrates that the differential filling features of pores and fractures, when combined with paleo-karst geomorphology, fault distribution, and geochemical proxies, can effectively reconstruct karst water flow pathways and retention states. These results provide a scientific basis for evaluating karst reservoir heterogeneity and guiding hydrocarbon exploration in similar geological settings.

中图分类号: 

图1 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田位置图23
(a)大牛地气田位置图;(b)大牛地气田岩溶分区及典型井位图。
Fig. 1 Daniudi gas field location map in the Ordos Basin23
(a) Location map of Daniudi gas field;(b) Karst zoning and typical well location map of Daniudi gas field.
图2 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田马家沟组马五段综合柱状图及岩溶特征
(a)岩溶分带照片;(b)暗河沉积照片; (c)岩溶水下渗照片;(d)顺层岩溶照片;(e)洞穴垮塌照片。
Fig. 2 Comprehensive columnar sectionwith karst characteristicsof Ma 5 member of the Majiagou Formation in Daniudi gas fieldOrdos Basin
(a) Photograph of karst zonation; (b) Photograph of underground river sedimentation; (c) Photograph of karst water infiltration; (d) Photograph of bedding-parallel karst; (e) Photograph of cave collapse.
图3 鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组取样井位及岩溶古地貌36
Fig. 3 Sampling well locations and paleokarst geomorphology of Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin36
图4 薄片溶孔面孔率与溶缝(a)、平直缝(b)交会图
Fig. 4 Intersection diagram of dissolution pore surface porosity with dissolution seamaand straight seamb
图5 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田包裹体均一温度频率(a)、盐度频率分布直方图(b
Fig. 5 The homogenization temperature frequency distribution histogramaand salinity frequency distribution histogrambof inclusions from the Daniudi gas fieldOrdos Basin
图6 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田方解石胶结物阴极发光及包裹体照片
(a)D48井,3 018 m,马五5亚段,方解石脉,方解石发亮黄光,见环带特征;(b) D88井,2 817 m,马五5亚段,含灰云岩,方解石发橘黄光,第二期缝里的方解石不发光;(c) D48井,3 018 m,马五5亚段,粉晶灰岩,包裹体主要沿方解石矿物愈合微裂隙呈条带状分布;(d)D1-530井,3 093.62 m,灰质云岩,马五5亚段,铁方解石不发光。
Fig. 6 Cathodoluminescence and inclusion photographs of calcite cements from the Daniudi gas fieldOrdos Basin
(a) Well D48, 3 018 m, Ma 55 sub-member, calcite vein, calcite emits bright yellow luminescence, showing zoning characteristics; (b) Well D88, 2 817 m, Ma 55 sub-member, lime-bearing dolomite, calcite emits orange-yellow luminescence, while calcite in the second-stage fractures is non-luminescent; (c) Well D48, 3 018 m, Ma 55 sub-member, finely crystalline limestone. inclusions are primarily distributed along healed microfractures within calcite minerals, exhibiting a banded pattern; (d) Well D1-530, 3 093.62 m, Ma 55 sub-member, calcareous dolomite, ferroan calcite shows non-luminescence.
图7 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田马家沟组马五段岩溶期孔—缝差异充填类型
(a)S401井,3 047.03 m,马五6亚段,含灰白云岩,孔缝均被充填,茜素红染色的铸体薄片;(b)D92井,2 905.52 m,马五1亚段,粉晶白云岩,孔未充填缝全充填,茜素红染色的铸体薄片;(c)DK13-FP8井,3 010.81 m,马五5亚段,粉晶白云岩,孔全充填缝未充填,茜素红染色的铸体薄片;(d)S302井,2 791.03 m,马五2亚段,粉晶白云岩,孔缝均未被充填,茜素红染色的铸体薄片。
Fig. 7 The type of hole-seam differential filling in Ma 5 member of the Majiagou FormationDaniudi gas fieldOrdos Basin
(a) Well S401, 3 047.03 m, Ma 56 sub-member, lime-bearing dolomite, both pores and fractures are filled, alizarin red-stained cast thin section; (b) Well D92, 2 905.52 m, Ma 51 sub-member, finely crystalline dolomite, pores unfilled, fractures fully filled, alizarin red-stained cast thin section; (c) Well DK13-FP8, 3 010.81 m, Ma 55 sub-member, finely crystalline dolomite, pores fully filled, fractures unfilled, alizarin red-stained cast thin section; (d) Well S302, 2 791.03 m, Ma 52 sub-member, finely crystalline dolomite, neither pores nor fractures are filled, alizarin red-stained cast thin section.
图8 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田各类缝充填特征
(a) S103井,3 081.92 m,马五9亚段,顺裂缝溶洞;(b) D92井,2 913.90 m,马五2亚段,颗粒支撑角砾岩,垂直溶蚀缝,方解石全充填; (c)S102井,2 961.53 m,马五6亚段,小溶洞、水平溶缝、高角度缝被方解石多期次充填。
Fig. 8 Filling characteristics of various types of fractures from the Daniudi gas fieldOrdos Basin
(a) Well S103, 3 081.92 m, Ma 59 sub-member, fracture-parallel cave; (b) Well D92, 2 913.90 m, Ma 52 sub-member, grain-supported breccia, with vertical dissolution fractures fully filled with calcite; (c) Well S102, 2 961.53 m, Ma 56 sub-member, small caves, horizontal dissolution fractures, and high-angle fractures filled with calcite in multiple stages.
图9 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田马家沟组马五段风化壳岩溶及顺层岩溶同位素特征
(a)马五1~6亚段碳氧同位素特征;(b)马五1~6亚段锶同位素特征。
Fig. 9 Isotope characteristics of weathering crust karst and bedding-parallel karst in Ma 5 member of the Majiagou Formation from the Daniudi gas fieldOrdos Basin
(a) Carbon and oxygen isotope characteristics of Ma 51~6 sub-member;(b) Strontium isotope characteristics of Ma 51~6 sub-member.
表1 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田马家沟组马五段FeMn含量及Fe/Mn
Table 1 The content of FeMn and Fe/Mn ratio in Ma 5 member of the Majiagou Formation from the Daniudi gas fieldOrdos Basin
层位地区井号Fe/%Mn/%Fe/Mn层位地区井号Fe/%Mn/%Fe/Mn
马五1小壕兔D600.266 70.006 971 83138.25马五6石板太S1020.441 00.015 492 95828.46
D920.700 00.043 380 28216.140.301 00.007 746 47938.86
D930.903 00.018 591 54948.570.210 00.007 746 47927.11
马五2石板太S3021.757 00.051 126 76134.370.301 00.007 746 47938.86
1.337 00.046 478 87328.770.161 00.007 746 47920.78
小壕兔D930.714 00.013 169 01454.220.665 00.007 746 47985.85
马五3石板太S3021.071 00.010 845 07098.750.280 00.007 746 47936.15
小壕兔D920.601 30.013 943 66243.12S4010.31 500.007 746 47940.66
马五4石板太S3020.938 00.010 845 07086.490.30 100.007 746 47938.86
0.784 00.010 070 42377.850.385 00.007 746 47949.70
0.263 20.006 971 83137.750.329 00.007 746 47942.47
马五5小壕兔D1-5300.477 40.017 042 25428.010.322 00.007 746 47941.57
0.519 40.008 521 12760.950.448 00.007 746 47957.83
0.264 60.006 971 83137.950.224 00.007 746 47928.92
0.149 10.005 422 53527.50小壕兔D1230.196 70.004 647 88742.32
0.186 20.006 197 18330.05D1-5660.429 80.004 647 88792.47
0.693 70.014 718 31047.130.182 70.003 098 59258.96
0.208 60.005 422 53538.47马五7石板太S3020.126 70.005 422 53523.37
0.235 90.006 197 18338.07S1020.161 00.007 746 47920.78
0.273 00.006 197 18344.050.210 00.007 746 47927.11
PG270.139 30.004 647 88729.970.161 00.007 746 47920.78
0.182 00.006 197 18329.370.196 00.007 746 47925.30
D480.163 80.006 197 18326.430.217 00.007 746 47928.01
0.156 80.006 197 18325.30S4010.196 00.007 746 47925.30
0.077 00.003 098 59224.850.168 00.007 746 47921.69
马五6石板太S3020.323 40.006 197 18352.190.175 00.007 746 47922.59
图10 S401井孔缝耦合类型与FeSr元素变化
Fig. 10 Borehole fracture coupling type and FeSr element changes in Well S401
图11 岩溶水流动路径反演逻辑框架
Fig. 11 Logical framework for inversion of karst water flow paths
图12 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田孔缝差异充填特征与岩溶水流动路径模式图
Fig. 12 Schematic diagram of differential pore-fracture filling characteristics and karst water flow paths in the Daniudi gas fieldOrdos Basin
图13 D126井马家沟组马五段岩心特征综合柱状图
Fig.13 Comprehensive columnar section of core characteristics of Ma 5 member of the Majiagou Formation in Well D126
表2 S401井和D126井物性数据
Table 2 Physical property data of Well S401 and Well D126
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