地球科学进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 360 -373. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.026

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

北极海底冻土变化特征与温室气体研究进展
谢思敏1,2(), 杜志恒1,2(), 王磊3, 严芳萍1, 崔浩4, 陶长廉1,2, 杨佼1, 吴通华1,2, 效存德4   
  1. 1.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冰冻圈科学与冻土工程全国重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 山地表生过程 与生态调控重点实验室,四川 成都 610041
    4.北京师范大学 地表过程与水土风沙灾害 风险防控全国重点实验室,北京 100875
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-03 修回日期:2025-03-11 出版日期:2025-04-10
  • 通讯作者: 杜志恒 E-mail:xiesimin22@mails.ucas.ac.cn;zhihengdu@lzb.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFA0608500);冰冻圈科学与冻土工程重点实验室自主部署青年项目(CSFSE-ZQ-2410)

Research Progress on the Characteristics of Changes and Greenhouse Gases in the Arctic Subsea Permafrost

Simin XIE1,2(), Zhiheng DU1,2(), Lei WANG3, Fangping YANG1, Hao CUI4, Changlian TAO1,2, Jiao YANG1, Tonghua WU1,2, Cunde XIAO4   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
    2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    3.Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
    4.State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Hazards Risk Governance, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
  • Received:2025-01-03 Revised:2025-03-11 Online:2025-04-10 Published:2025-06-03
  • Contact: Zhiheng DU E-mail:xiesimin22@mails.ucas.ac.cn;zhihengdu@lzb.ac.cn
  • About author:XIE Simin, research areas include cryosphere and global change. E-mail: xiesimin22@mails.ucas.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0608500);Independent Deployment Youth Project of State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering(CSFSE-ZQ-2410)

海底多年冻土是冰期—间冰期海平面变化过程中陆地多年冻土被海水淹没而形成的,主要分布于北极大陆架区域,其分布范围存在很大的不确定性(面积为1.0×106~2.7×106 km2)。作为地球系统重要的碳库,海底多年冻土储存着大量有机碳和甲烷(CH4)。在全球变暖的背景下,特别是在北冰洋海水温度升高的背景下,海底多年冻土的快速退化可能导致碳释放风险加剧,进而影响全球碳循环与气候变化。东西伯利亚海底多年冻土区已经观测到了CH4向大气释放的现象。然而,关于海底多年冻土退化速率、碳库规模、温室气体释放量及其机制的研究仍较为有限。值得注意的是,随着北极地区气候快速变暖、北大西洋暖流的北向扩张和增强引发的北冰洋大西洋化的进程加剧,以及人类活动的持续增加,使得北极海底冻土CH4加速排放造成的气候风险加大,对未来人类可持续发展的影响将愈发显著。基于此,系统总结了北极海底多年冻土的空间分布特征、退化速率及其碳储量,综述了定点、航测和遥感卫星等方法在海底多年冻土区CH4监测与排放特征研究中的应用,探讨了CH4排放的影响因素,强调了北极海底冻土变化特征及其碳循环研究对全球气候变化的重要意义。同时,提出未来研究应结合多种监测方法、加强国际合作、构建综合监测体系,并充分考虑陆地与海洋因素的协同作用,以此深化对北极海底多年冻土区碳循环及其气候效应的理解。

Subsea permafrost, formed by the inundation of terrestrial permafrost due to sea-level variations during the interglacial cycles, is primarily distributed across the Arctic continental shelves. However, a substantial uncertainty remains regarding the extent of its distribution (approximately 1~2.7 million square kilometers). Subsea permafrost is considered a significant carbon reservoir in the Earth’s system, storing vast amounts of Organic Carbon (OC) and methane (CH4). With global warming and rising Arctic Ocean temperatures, subsea permafrost is undergoing rapid degradation, potentially exacerbating carbon release risks. Consequently, it plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle and climate dynamics. Large-scale CH4 emissions into the atmosphere have been observed in the East Siberian subsea permafrost region. However, the rates of subsea permafrost degradation, the size of carbon reservoirs, and gas release remain poorly constrained. In particular, rapid Arctic warming, the northward expansion and intensification of the North Atlantic Current (which exacerbates the Atlantification of the Arctic Ocean), and increased human disturbances have intensified climate risks due to accelerated CH4 emissions from Arctic subsea permafrost. These changes have significant implications for future human sustainability. This study systematically summarizes the spatial distribution, degradation rates, and carbon storage of Arctic subsea permafrost. It also examines CH4 monitoring in subsea permafrost, including fixed-point observations, aerial surveys, and remote sensing technologies. Furthermore, it discusses the factors influencing CH4 emissions, emphasizes the importance of understanding Arctic subsea permafrost dynamics within the context of global climate change, identifies key challenges, and suggests future research directions.

中图分类号: 

图1 北半球多年冻土分布及海底多年冻土演化(多年冻土分布数据来源于参考文献[14-15])
(a)当前北半球多年冻土分布图;(b)末次冰盛期大陆架多年冻土(被海水淹没后形成海底多年冻土);(c)当前海底多年冻土区范围
Fig. 1 Permafrost distribution in the Northern Hemisphere and evolution of subsea permafrostThe permafrost distribution data are derived from references14-15])
(a) Current permafrost distribution in the Northern Hemisphere; (b) Extent of continental shelf permafrost area at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)(subsea permafrost formation after marine submergence); (c) Current subsea permafrost extent
表1 北极海底多年冻土与北极东西伯利亚陆架冻土面积、退化速率和碳储量
Table 1 Areadegradation ratecarbon stock in the Arctic subsea permafrost domain and the East Siberian Arctic Shelf
图2 北极海底多年冻土区和非海底多年冻土区表层沉积物有机碳空间分布特征
棕色点代表表层沉积物中OC数据采集位置,OC数据来源于参考文献[44
Fig. 2 Spatial distribution characteristics of Organic CarbonOCin surface sediments from subsea permafrost and non-subsea permafrost domain in the Arctic
Brown points in the figure represent data location for OC of surface sediments, OC data are derived from reference [44
图3 北极海底多年冻土区和非海底多年冻土区表层海水CH4 浓度数据(CH4 浓度数据来源于参考文献[5263-70])
Fig. 3 CH4 concentrations in surface seawater from subsea permafrost and non-subsea permafrost domain in the ArcticCH4 concentration data are derived from references5263-70])
图4 北极东西伯利亚陆架、海底多年冻土区、环北极地区热融湖塘、北极高纬度湿地以及全球海洋CH4 排放通量
Fig. 4 CH4 annualemission fluxes in the East Siberian ShelfESAS), subsea permafrost domaincircum-Arctic thermokarst lakeArctic high-latitude wetlandsglobal oceanic
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