沉积岩中溶蚀作用对储集层的改造研究进展
  <sup>*</sup>

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.11.1112.

随着油气勘探程度的加深、勘探技术的进步以及对油气资源需求的日益增长,一些埋藏较深、物性相对较差的储集层也越来越受到地质学家们的关注。经过数十年的勘探,许多油田埋藏较浅、原生孔隙保存较好的优质储层已被广泛发现并投入生产,而埋藏较深、以次生溶蚀孔为主要储集空间的较致密储层,正日益成为成熟探区勘探挖潜的重点。因此,寻找次生孔隙发育带的溶蚀孔隙甜点储层成为精细勘探的重要新领域。通过研究一些典型实例及大量研究成果的综述,从以下4个方面系统阐述了溶蚀作用对储集层的改造:①溶蚀作用发生的成岩阶段;②溶蚀流体的类型;③溶蚀作用强弱的主控因素;④溶蚀作用对储集层的改造效果。近年来,已有较多的研究成果在溶蚀机理和对储集层的改造效果方面取得了重要进展,通过对这些主流观点的系统梳理,可对今后类似地质条件的研究提供重要的参考。

关键词: 溶蚀作用, 有机酸, 大气淡水, 硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR), 热液

With the deepening of exploration degree, the progress of exploration technology and the increasing demands for oil and gas resources, some deep buried reservoirs with relatively poor physical properties have attracted more and more attention of geologists. After decades of exploration, many high-quality reservoirs with shallow burial and well-preserved primary pores have been widely discovered and put into production. However, deep buried tight reservoirs with secondary dissolved pores as the main reservoir space are increasingly becoming the focus of exploration in mature exploration areas. Therefore, searching for secondary pore development zones and dissolved "sweet" reservoirs will become an important new field for fine exploration in the future. Based on some typical case studies and a large number of research results, this paper systematically expounded the modification of reservoirs by dissolution from the following four aspects:①Diagenetic stage of dissolution; ②Types of dissolution fluids;③Main controlling factors of dissolution; ④Effect of dissolution on reservoir modification. In recent years, more and more research achievements have made important progress in dissolution mechanism and reservoir modification effect. The systematic analysis of these mainstream views has some reference value for similar geological conditions in the future.

Key words: Dissolution, Organic acid, Meteoric water, Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction (TSR), Hydrothermal fluid.

中图分类号:

P581

图1 柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统有机酸溶蚀现象
(a)S3-1井,2 893.00 m,与晶间孔连通的长石碎屑被有机酸溶蚀改造,氩离子抛光后的扫描电镜照片;(b)S41-2井,4 081.88 m,白云石晶间孔被有机酸溶蚀改造,氩离子抛光后的扫描电镜照片

Fig.1 Organic acid dissolution of Oligocene reservoirs in the Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin
(a)Well S3-1,2 893.00 m,dissolution of feldspar crumbs connected with intercrystalline pores by organic acids,scanning electron microscope photograph after argon ion polishing;(b)Well S41-2,4 081.88 m,modification of intercellular pore of dolomite by organic acid,scanning electron microscope photograph after argon ion polishing

图2 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组各油层组孔隙度值与自生高岭石质量百分含量 (据参考文献[ 13 ]修改)

Fig.2 Porosity and authigenic kaolinite content in in all oil formations of Yanchang Formation in Triassic, Ordos Basin(modified after reference[13])

图3 四川盆地各时代硫化氢和石膏的硫同位素值分布特征(据参考文献[ 28 ]修改)

Fig.3 H ₂S and gypsum sulfur isotopic distributions in different ages in the Sichuan Basin(modified after reference[28])

图4 柴达木盆地英西地区S32X井渐新统(4 151.82 m)裂缝中的热液矿物(据参考文献[ 29 ]修改)
(a)~(b)裂缝中的热液天青石,扫描电镜图片;(c)为(a)中的天青石能谱谱图

Fig.4 Hydrothermal mineral in fracture of Oligocene reservoirs from the well S32X(4 151.82 m) of Yingxi area,Qaidam Basin(modified after reference[29])
(a)~(b)Hydrothermal origin celestite in fractures,scanning electron microscope photograph;(c)Energy spectrum of celestite in figure (a)

图5 塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系中—粗晶热液白云岩(据参考文献[ 35 ]修改)
(a)TZ162井,雾心亮边中—细晶热液白云岩,5 978.20 m,铸体薄片(红色);(b)TZ408井,4 414.85 m,雾心亮边中—细晶热液白云岩,铸体薄片(红色)

Fig.5 Medium coarse grained hydrothermal dolomite of Ordovician in Tazhong area, Tarim Basin(modified after reference[35])
(a) Well TZ162, Fine-grained hydrothermal dolomite with foggy center and bright edge,5 978.20 m,cast thin section (red);(b)Well TZ408,4 414.85 m,medium fine crystal hydrothermal dolomite with foggy center and bright edge,cast thin section (red)

图6 地层条件下灰岩和白云岩可溶性对比(据参考文献[ 1 ]修改)

Fig.6 Solubility comparison of limestone and dolomite under stratum conditions(modified after reference[1])

图7 硬石膏的溶解作用受盐度和温度的控制(据参考文献[ 56 ]修改)

Fig.7 The dissolution of anhydrite is controlled by salinity and temperature(modified after reference[56])

图8 柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统石盐的岩心照片、偏光显微镜照片以及扫描电镜照片(S37井,2 697.08 m)
(a)作为最优质盖层的石盐,岩心照片; (b)和(d)石盐晶体与晶体之间的结晶缝,不发育任何孔隙,扫描电镜照片; (c),(e~g)沿石盐晶体结晶缝敲开后,结晶缝面上残存着轻质油,缝面光滑,未见溶蚀痕迹,扫描电镜照片; (h)轻质油沿氯化钠结晶缝渗出,未见任何孔隙,单偏光,为5张偏光显微镜照片拼接而成

Fig.8 Core photographs, polarizing microscope photographs and scanning electron microscope photographs of Oligocene halite in the Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin(Well S37, 2 697.08 m)
(a)Halite as the best quality cap rock, core photo; (b)and(d)Crystallization seams between halite crystals and crystals,no pore development, scanning electron microscope photograph; (c),(e~g)Break from the crystal seams of halite crystals, light oil remained on the surface of the crystal seams,the surface of the seam is smooth, no traces of corrosion were found, scanning electron microscope photograph; (h)Light oil seeps through the crystal seams of sodium chloride, without any pore, single polarized light, which is made up of five polarized microscope photographs

图9 柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统晶间孔中的充填物被溶蚀(S41-2井,4 071.86 m)

Fig.9 The filling in the intercrystalline pores is corroded of Oligocene reservoirs in the Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin(Well S41-2, 4 071.86 m)

图10 全球碎屑岩油藏储集岩的孔隙度、渗透率及埋深相关关系(据参考文献[3,4]修改)

Fig.10 Average porosity vs. depth and Arithmetic-average permeability vs. average porosity for global petroleum reservoirs composed of sandstone(modified after references[3,4])

图11 塔西南地区奥陶系热液溶蚀作用对白云岩储层的改造(据参考文献[ 73 ]修改)
(a)灰白色中—粗晶白云岩呈斑豹状分布于深灰色粉晶白云岩中;(b)硅质和粗晶白云石晶体沿孔洞壁生长;(c)马鞍状中晶白云岩的溶蚀孔洞;(d)溶蚀孔洞中含热液矿物天青石;(e)白云岩溶蚀孔洞中的自生石英与高岭石;(f)裂缝中高含Mn的中晶白云石,阴极发光下桔黄色,具环带特征

Fig.11 Modification of dolomite reservoirs by hydrothermal dissolution of Ordovician in Southwest Tarim Basin (modified after reference[73])
(a)Grayish white coarse-grained dolomite is leopard like distributed in deep gray powder dolomite;(b)Siliceous and coarse grained dolomite crystals grow in the hole wall;(c)Saddle shaped medium-grained dolomite corroded and formed holes;(d)Hydrothermal mineral containing celestite in dissolution pores;(e)Authigenic quartz and kaolinite in dissolution pores of dolomite;(f)The medium-grained dolomite with high Mn content in the fissure is orange yellow with circular band under cathodoluminescence

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Research Progress of Modification of Reservoirs by Dissolution in Sedimentary Rock