地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (7): 678 -690. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2020.059

所属专题： 地球系统科学大会纪念专刊；

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冲绳海槽地质构造对热液活动的控制机理
张玉祥 1, 2, 3( ),曾志刚 1, 2, 3( ),王晓媛 1, 2, 3,陈帅 1, 2, 3,殷学博 1, 2, 3,陈祖兴 1, 2, 3   
  1. 1.中国科学院海洋研究所, 海洋地质与环境重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266071
    2.青岛海洋科学与技术 试点国家实验室 海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266071
    3.中国科学院海洋大科学中心, 山东 青岛 266071
  • 收稿日期:2020-04-30 修回日期:2020-06-20 出版日期:2020-07-10
  • 通讯作者: 曾志刚 E-mail:yxzhang@qdio.ac.cn;zgzeng@qdio.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目“西太平洋俯冲体系中岩浆活动及其对热液物质供给的制约”(91958213);中国科学院国际合作局对外合作重点项目“冲绳海槽热液活动成矿机理及其沉积效应”(133137KYSB20170003)

Geologic Control on Hydrothermal Activities in the Okinawa Trough

Yuxiang Zhang 1, 2, 3( ),Zhigang Zeng 1, 2, 3( ),Xiaoyuan Wang 1, 2, 3,Shuai Chen 1, 2, 3,Xuebo Yin 1, 2, 3,Zuxing Chen 1, 2, 3   

  1. 1.Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
    2.Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National;Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
    3.Center for Ocean;Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • Received:2020-04-30 Revised:2020-06-20 Online:2020-07-10 Published:2020-08-21
  • Contact: Zhigang Zeng E-mail:yxzhang@qdio.ac.cn;zgzeng@qdio.ac.cn
  • About author:Zhang Yuxiang (1990-), male, Qingzhou County, Shandong Province, Postdoctor. Research areas include marine petrology. E-mail: yxzhang@qdio.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Magmatism and its constraints on the hydrothermal material supply in the Western Pacific subduction system”(91958213);The International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences “Metallogenic mechanism and sedimentary effect of hydrothermal activity in Okinawa Trough”(133137KYSB20170003)
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海底热液活动一直是当代海洋科学研究的重要前沿领域之一，了解地质构造对海底热液活动的控制作用对于认识热液系统的形成机理及寻找海底硫化物资源具有重要的指示意义。总结了冲绳海槽中部和南部地形与断裂构造、地壳结构、重磁场、热流及岩浆活动等方面的地质构造特征以及海槽热液区分布和热液产物的基本特征。通过比较冲绳海槽与马努斯海盆、马里亚纳海槽、北斐济海盆、劳海盆等基底和扩张阶段不同的弧后盆地构造特征的差异，归纳了冲绳海槽地质构造的特殊性，包括过渡性地壳性质、低扩张程度、高热流值、巨厚沉积层及双峰式火山作用等。冲绳海槽热液活动受到断裂构造、岩浆活动、扩张速率等构造因素的控制，同时受到基岩类型和沉积物盖层等地质条件的影响。海槽中部和南部平行和垂直盆地走向的两组断裂带为流体循环提供了通道，大规模的岩浆活动则为热液系统提供了充足的热量。此外，海槽内广泛分布的酸性火山岩和较厚的沉积盖层与流体相互作用，使得热液产物富含有机质、二氧化碳以及Ag和Au等金属元素。根据冲绳海槽的扩张速率和地质构造特征，推测冲绳海槽仍具有发现新热液区的潜力，其中部和南部两组断裂交汇的部位、轴部火山、受海脊俯冲影响的区域以及靠近岛弧一侧的新火山带是最有潜力的海底热液活动探索远景区。

关键词: 冲绳海槽, 热液活动, 地质构造, 弧后盆地

Revealing the controlling effect of geological structure on seafloor hydrothermal activities is of great significance in understanding the formation mechanism of hydrothermal system and searching for seafloor sulfide resources. This article summarized the topography and faults, crustal structure, gravity and magnetic field, heat flow and magmatism in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough, as well as the general characteristics of hydrothermal field distributions and hydrothermal products. By comparing the Okinawa Trough with the Manus Basin, Mariana Trough, North Fiji Basin and Lau Basin with different rock basements and extension stages, we generalized some specific geological characteristics of the Okinawa Trough, including the transitional crustal nature, low extension degree, high heat flow value, extremely thick sediments, and bimodal volcanism. The hydrothermal activities in the Okinawa Trough are controlled by fault structures, magmatism, and spreading rate, and at the same time, are affected by basement rock types and sediment covers. In the middle and southern parts of the trough, two group of faults that are parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the back-arc basin promote the fluid circulation, and large-scale magmatic activity provides sufficient heat for the hydrothermal system. In addition, the interaction of fluids with the widespread silicic volcanic rocks and thick sediments leads to the enrichment of organic matter, CO 2, and metals such as Ag and Au in the hydrothermal products. According to the extension rate and geological features of the Okinawa Trough, we believe that the Okinawa Trough has potential to have new hydrothermal fields discovered and we speculate that new hydrothermal fields most possibly exist in the regions influenced by ridge subduction as well as the neo-volcanic zones closed to the island arc.

Key words: Okinawa Trough, Hydrothermal activity, Geological structure, Back arc basin

中图分类号: 

表1 冲绳海槽热液区位置及水深
Table 1 Location and water depth of the hydrothermal fields in the Okinawa Trough
位置 编号 热液区 经度（E） 纬度（N） 水深/m
中部 1 南奄西（Minami-Ensei）海丘 127.64° 28.39° 740
2 Higashi-Ensei海丘 128.17° 28.44° 1 220
3 与论海洼（Yoron Hole） 127.53° 27.49° 590
4 夏岛（Natsushima）84-1海丘 127.14° 27.58° 1 600
5 CLAM 126.98° 27.54° 1 430
6 伊是名海洼（Izena Cauldron） 127.08° 27.27° 1 610
7 伊平屋北（Iheya North）海丘 126.90° 27.79° 1 100
8 比嘉（Higa） 126.22° 26.56° 1 485
南部 9 鸠间（Hatoma）海丘 123.84° 24.86° 1 520
10 第四与那国（Yonaguni Knoll IV）海丘 122.70° 24.85° 1 385
11 唐印 a 122.58° 25.07° 1 206
12 龟山岛（离岸） 122.00° 24.83° 1 200
13 龟山岛 121.95° 24.83° 30
14 横须贺（Yokosuka） b 124.35° 25.25° 2 190
15 伊良部（Irabu）海丘 124.88° 25.23° 1 850
16 多良间（Tarama）海丘 124.54° 25.09° 1 540
17 双子山（Futagoyama） 123.31° 24.87° 1 270
图1 冲绳海槽构造水深图
数字对应的热液区名称见表1，断裂数据引自参考文献[ 9 ]，热液区数据引自InterRidge数据库（http://vents-data.interridge.org/）及参考文献[ 7 , 8 ]，岩浆岩数据引自PetDB数据库（http://www.earthchem.org/petdb）及GEOROC数据库（http://georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc/）
Fig.1 Tectonic and bathymetric map of the Okinawa Trough
The names of the hydrothermal fields indicated by figures are given in Table 1, the data of faults are cited from reference [ 9 ], the data of hydrothermal fields are cited from InterRidge database (http://vents-data.interridge.org/) and references [7,8], the data of igneous rocks are cited from PetDB database (http://www.earthchem.org/petdb) and GEOROC database (http://georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc/)
表2 冲绳海槽及部分弧后盆地扩张轴热液活动发生频率及平均扩张速率
Table 2 Hydrothermal field frequency and spreading rate for the axis of the Okinawa Trough and other back arc basins
位置 扩张轴长度/km a 热液点数目 b 发生频率 （ F s） 全扩张速率/（mm/a） b
冲绳海槽中部 400 8 2.00 28.4
冲绳海槽南部 500 8 1.60 49.2
马努斯海盆 500 15 3.00 110.0
马里亚纳海槽 1 300 7 0.54 43.0
劳海盆 1 800 61 3.39 75.7
北斐济海盆 2 800 11 0.39 50.0
表3 冲绳海槽部分热液区热液流体地球化学特征（据参考文献[ 29 ]修改）
Table 3 Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids in some hydrothermal fields of the Okinawa Trough ( modified after reference[ 29 ])
南奄西海丘 CLAM JADE（伊是名海洼） 伊平屋北海丘 第四与那国海丘 b,c 鸠间海丘 d 大西洋中脊
深度/m 700 1 392 1 340 1 035~1 048 1 336~1 385 1 460~1 520 3 535~3 700
温度/°C 265~278 100~216 320 70~311 a <323 240 290~350
pH 4.9~5.1 5.2~5.6 4.7 4.6 5.7 5.2 3.7~3.9
碱度/(mmol/L) 3.00~3.50 2.50~10.30 1.90 0.50~3.60 - 4.70 -0.06~0.24
Na +/(mmol/kg) 410~431 - 425 377~385 416 285 509~584
K +/(mmol/kg) 49.0~51.0 - 72.0 49.0~50.0 86.4 54.6 17.0~24.0
Li +/(mmol/kg) 5.4~5.8 - 2.5 0.8 - - 0.4~0.8
Ca 2+/(mmol/kg) 21~22 - 22 14~15 23 17 10~26
Mg 2+/(mmol/kg) 0.4~1.0 33.0~53.0 0 4.4~53.8 a 0.8~26.9 - 0
Sr 2+/(μmol/kg) 215~227 - 94 56~62 - 62 50~99
Ba 2+/(μmol/kg) 53~56 - 59 10~12 - - -
B/(mmol/kg) 3.70~4.00 - 3.40 0.44~2.27 a 3.91 3.30 -
Mn/(μmol/kg) 88~94 - 110 440~447 1 120 483 491~1 000
Cl -/(mmol/kg) 501~527 462~514 550 441~458 396-538 370~540 559~659
NH 4 + /(mmol/kg) 4.6~4.7 0.6~4.4 0.2~4.9 1.9~2.6 14.7 7.2 -
SiO 2/(mmol/kg) 10~11 - 13 8 11 12 18~22
CO 2/(mmol/kg) 64~96 74~86 26~200 3~227 a 18~318 - -
CH 4/(mmol/kg) 2.60~7.00 3.10~4.90 2.50~7.10 0~3.70 a 0.90~9.30 - 0.06
H 2S/(mmol/kg) 1.6~2.4 - 13.7 0.2~4.5 a - - 5.9
N 2/(mmol/kg) 0.3~0.5 - - - - - -
He/(μmol/kg) 0.1~0.7 0.1 0.3~0.9 - - - 2.0
H 2/(μmol/kg) 12~13 110~150 10~50 0~229 a 500~5 200 - -
δ13C(CO 2)/‰ -4.0~-5.3 -3.6~-3.8 -4.7~-5.0 -6.1~-10.1 a -8.0 - -
3He/ 4He(R/Ra) 7.0~7.5 - 6.1~6.9 5.8~7.2 a - - 8.4
87Sr/ 86Sr 0.7100 - 0.7089 - - - 0.7028
图2 冲绳海槽及部分弧后盆地火山岩 SiO 2含量分布图
数据引自PetDB数据库http://www.earthchem.org/petdb
Fig.2 SiO 2 concentrations for the volcanic rocks from the Okinawa Trough and other back arc basins
Data from PetDB database:http://www.earthchem.org/petdb
图3 热液活动发生率与全扩张速率相关图（据参考文献[ 35 ]修改）
Fig.3 Plot of hydrothermal field frequency versus full spreading rate (modified after reference [ 35 ])
图4 冲绳海槽伊平屋北热液区流体循环示意图（据参考文献[ 79 ]修改）
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of fluid circulation in the Iheya North hydrothermal field, Okinawa Trough (modified after reference [ 79 ])
图5 冲绳海槽第四与那国热液区发育在沉积物上的热液烟囱体照片
Fig.5 Photo of hydrothermal chimney growing on the sediments in the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field, Okinawa Trough
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