现代海底热液活动区的分布与构造环境分析

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2004.06.0931

对全球490多个热液活动区的三维空间分布和构造背景进行了研究，对发育热液活动的构造环境进行了分类，并对各种构造环境发育热液活动的频度进行了统计分析。根据已有的统计数据指出了现代海底热液活动的三维空间分布规律，并对此进行了理论分析。指出现代海底热液活动区主要沿大洋中脊、弧后盆地和板内火山分布，并主要限于40°N和40°S中、低纬度带之间，水深集中在 1300～3700 m之间。出现热液活动概率最高的水深为 2600 m，其次为 1700 m、1900 m、 2200 m、3000 m和 3700 m，平均水深为 2532 m。扩张轴的中轴谷、海底火山口及不发育中轴谷的扩张脊是发育热液活动的主要构造背景。并提出，现代海底热液活动总是出现在构造活动的部位，但并不是构造活跃的部位就发育热液活动。热液活动的发育和构造并不直接相关但却和岩浆发育密切相关。热液活动的发育在位置上受控于岩浆活动，在时间上，它发生在岩浆活动结束后，是强烈的热膨胀、热冷缩后的释热形式。

关键词: 现代海底热液活动, 分布, 构造环境, 岩浆活动

Up to now, around 490 hydrothermal fields have been reported on the world ocean floor since 1965. Data of the water depth of each of the reported hydrothermal activity fields is collected The tectonic settings and surface distribution of the reported hydrothermal activity fields are analyzed in this paper.
The paper points out that almost all the hydrothermal activity fields distribute within a lower latitude belt between 40°N and 40°S and along oceanic ridges or back arc basins or intra plate volcanoes roughly striking in a north-south direction which are separated from each other by 60 degree along longitude. The water depth of the hydrothermal activity fields varies from several meters to more than 5 000 meters, but mainly between 1 300~3 700 m with average water depth of 2 532 m. Statistic study shows that most of the hydrothermal fields occur at water depth around 2 600 m，and some others occur at 1 700 m、1 900 m、2 200 m and 3 000 m. Hydrothermal activity occurs within 6 kinds of tectonic settings like axial valley on the spreading ridge, seafloor volcanic crater, spreading ridge without axial valley, continental rifting basin, triple junction ridge and sediment covered back arc basin. The first two tectonic settings are the most favorite tectonic environment to develop hydrothermal activity, and more than half of the total hydrothermal activity fields occur in the axial valley on the spreading ridge. The paper also points out that the hydrothermal activity mainly occurs in the area of active tectonic zone, but the active tectonic zone is not necessarily always the place where hy drothermal field occurred, i.e. the hydrothermal activity is not correlated directly with the tectonic activity, but the magma activityis. The development of the hydrothermal activity is controlled by and occurs after the magma activity，and it is the form of heat releasing of the magma activity

Key words: Hydrothermal activity, Distribution, Tectonic Setting, Magma activity.

中图分类号:

P736

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摘要

DISTRIBUTION AND TECTONIC ENVIRONMENTS OF THE HYDROTHERMAL FIELDS