海洋碳汇对气候变化的响应与反馈

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.07.0668.

海洋碳汇对气候变化的响应与反馈是一个系统的科学命题,也是当前国际地球系统科学领域的前沿热点问题,需要通过微观与宏观结合、古今链接、多学科交叉融合进行深入研究。在我国科学家发起的海洋生物地球化学“戈登科学前沿论坛”(Gordon Research Conferences,GRC)首届论坛上,以海洋生物泵(Biological Pump,BP)、微型生物碳泵(Microbial Carbon Pump, MCP)以及碳酸盐泵(Carbonate Counter Pump,CCP)等海洋储碳机制为核心,深入研讨了海洋碳汇的过程与效应,起到了引领国际海洋学科发展方向的作用。国内学界也积极行动起来,在第四届地球系统科学大会上组织了海洋碳汇专题,从古海洋碳汇、现代海洋碳循环及海洋碳汇的生物海洋学过程3个方面开展研讨。海洋微型生物生态学过程与海洋碳汇以海洋浮游植物、细菌、古菌、病毒以及不同微型生物间的互作为切入点,探讨了微型生物的储碳和固碳作用的过程及其与全球气候变化的关系。古海洋碳汇方向的报告在时间尺度上跨越了从18~8亿年前的中元古代到距今2.5 Ma的第四纪,涵盖了包括古海洋碳汇形成的古海洋环境、古海洋碳汇的生态环境效应等前沿科学问题;古海洋碳汇的报告为现代海洋碳汇研究提供了有益的借鉴,并有助于本领域科学家对海洋碳汇的历史演化观的认识。现代海洋碳循环过程方面,专题报告结合时间梯度和空间梯度,以南海珊瑚礁碳循环源汇争议为代表,探讨了碳循环中的初级生产力、溶解有机碳的来源与有机碳的降解等过程,对现代海区和全球变化背景下海洋的源汇评估提出了新的想法与研究方向。

关键词: 海洋碳汇, 气候变化, 古海洋, 碳循环, 海洋微型生物

The response and feedback of ocean carbon sequestration to climate changes is a international hot topic and requires large spatial/temporal scale, collaborative and multi-disciplinary research. In the first conference of GRC Ocean biogeochemistry, scientists focus on three biologically-driven ocean carbon pumps (Biological Pump, BP; Microbial Carbon Pump, MCP; Carbonate Counter Pump, CCP) and their environmental and climate consequences. As a sister meeting in China, we organized the session to show the efforts and progress of ocean carbon sequestration of Chinese scientists. The microbial ecological processes of phytoplankton, bacteria, archaea and viruses and interactions between them were highlighted in the session. Use coral reefs in the South China Sea as an example, the presenters and the participants come to an agreement that interdisciplinary collaborations are needed to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between microbes and their geochemical environment and the consequences of microbial processing of carbon on outgassing of CO₂ and carbon sequestration. The session also have presentations focusing on paleo-environmental reconstruction for carbon sinks as well as their paleo-ecological effects in ancient oceans with time spanning from the 1.8~0.8 Ga Proterozoic to the 2.5 Ma Quaternary. These talks provide specific geological cases for the oceanic carbon sink research and convey the emerging geological view of paleooceanic carbon sinks to the research community of modern ocean carbon sinks. As a summary, the discussion in this session of biological pump, microbial carbon pump and carbonate counter pump shows the latest research progress and future development trend in this field.

Key words: Carbon sequestration, Climate changes, Ancient oceans, Carbon cycling, Marine microbes.

中图分类号:

P467

图1 海洋碳汇的主要生物学机制——海洋生物泵、微型生物碳泵以及碳酸盐泵(引自 “戈登科学前沿论坛”的“海洋生物地球化学与碳汇”永久论坛Logo)

Fig.1 The main biological mechanism for ocean carbon sequestration—BP,MCP and CCP

图2 模拟给出的20倍现代CO ₂浓度条件下(7 100×10 ^-6)2种不同大陆分布条件下的全球年平均温度分布
(a)大陆主要分布在赤道,代表约14亿年前的陆地分布;(b)大陆主要分布在北半球高纬度,代表约15亿年前的陆地分布

Fig.2 Simulated surface air temperatures for two types of continients during the Boring Billion, The model is forced with 20 times present-day CO ₂ concentration (7 100×10 ^-6) and 90% present-day solar constant (1 230 W/m ²)
(a) Continients located at low latitudets for about 1.4 billion years ago;(b) Continents located at middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere for about 1.5 billion years ago

图3 0~2 Ma时间序列模拟
(a)ODP 1143站K/Al XRF扫描结果,用于代表陆源风化和营养盐输入;(b)ODP 1143站底栖有孔虫δ ¹³C;(c)箱式模型模拟海水δ ¹³C结果;红色曲线为40万年滤波结果 ^{[

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Fig.3 The simulation result of the last 2 Ma
(a) Normalized K/Al record of ODP Site 1143, representing terrigenous weathering and nutrient input;(b) Benthic foraminifera δ ¹³C data from Site 1143;(c) Modeled global average δ ¹³C; Red lines are of 400-ka filtering ^{[

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图4 南海与西菲律宾海DOC浓度的比较 ^{[

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Fig.4 Comparison of DOC concentrations between the South China Sea and West Philippine Sea ^{[

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图5 δ ¹³C Bulk-δ ¹³C Compound=4~7时, ¹³C, ¹⁴C双同位素三元模型估算的渤、黄海表层沉积物中现代有机质(蓝色)、预陈化土壤有机质(绿色)和古老有机质(黑色)占总有机质的相对比例 ^{[

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每一个色条代表一定的比例(色条越高代表百分比越高,底部色条的高度代表的比例为100%)

Fig.5 Coupled isotopic mass balance results for the fractional contributions of OC from modern (blue bar), pre-aged soil (green bar) and ancient fossil (black bar) sources in surface sediments of the BS-YS basin over a range of prescribed δ ¹³C bulk-δ ¹³C compound offsets (4~7) ^{[

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The height of each bar is proportional to values (the higher bar correspond to the high percentage, assigning percentage of 100% as the height of bars shown at the bottom)

图6 海南三亚鹿回头珊瑚岸礁区海—气CO ₂交换的日周期和季节性差异 ^{[

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(a)夏季(2009年8月); (b)秋季(2010年11月); (c)冬季(2011年2月); (d)春季(2011年4月)

Fig.6 Diurnal variations in different seasons ^{[

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(a)August 2009 for summer; (b)November 2010 for autumn; (c)February 2011 for winter; (d)April 2011 for spring

图7 海表通过化学缓冲吸收/储存人为CO ₂从1960s到2000s下降了16% ^{[

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Fig.7 The efficiency of air-sea re-equilibration implied ocean surface accumulation of anthropogenic CO ₂has declined by 16% from the 1960s to 2000s ^{[

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图8 海洋碳汇的生物学机制(生物泵、微型生物碳泵、碳酸盐泵)及其环境效应 ^{[

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Fig.8 Biologically-driven ocean carbon pumps (BP, MCP, CCP) and their environmental consequences ^{[

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图9 海洋附着微生物的生态过程及其与海洋碳循环的相互作用 ^{[

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Fig.9 Key processes of microorganisms colonizing the surfaces of most marine organisms and its interactions with marine carbon cycle ^{[

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图10 在175(a),180 (b), 250 (c), 340 (d), 425 (e), 600 (f), 675 (g), 860 (h), and 1 085 (i) μatm pCO ₂下微生物网络相互关系
展示了每个网络中的5~7个模块,每个点代表一个OTU,点的颜色代表不同的门,2个点之间的连线代表2 个物种间的联系,蓝色为正相关关系,暗示为共生关系,红色为负相关关系,暗示为竞争关系;丰度最高的5个OTU用较大的点表示。点围成的圈表示一个模块,这些点在模块内的联系比模块外更加紧密 ^{[

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Fig.10 Bacterioplankton network interactions under 175 (a), 180 (b), 250 (c), 340 (d), 425 (e),600 (f), 675 (g), 860 (h), and 1 085 (i) μatm pCO ₂
Five to seven modules were formed under different pCO ₂ concentrations. Each node represents an OTU, which signified a species. Node colours indicate different phyla. Each line connects two OTUs. A blue line indicates a positive interaction between two individual nodes suggesting a mutualism or cooperation, while a red line indicates a negative interaction suggesting predation or competition. Top five highest-abundance OTUs are indicated by bigger dots and marked with OTU identification numbers. The cycle composed of several nodes is a module in the pMEN, which is more correlated in a module than between other modules. Only the module containing more than five OTUs are displayed

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Response and Feedback of Marine Carbon Sink to Climate Change