台风变性过程中下游环流发展的个例对比研究

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.04.0409.

台风在温带变性过程(Extratropical Transition,ET)中与中纬度系统的相互作用会引起下游环流的发展,选取3个台风个例,通过分析涡动动能收支和理想化模拟实验对其下游发展机制进行研究。3个台风的变性过程所引起的下游发展都具有共同的机制,即首先在上层下游有脊和槽先后发展,随后激发低层涡旋生成,并与之耦合,形成一个贯穿整个对流层的深厚气旋系统。促使下游脊生成和发展的非地转位势通量源于台风,高层系统向下输送的垂直非地转位势通量在低层辐合,使得涡旋在低层发展。模拟实验表明,台风出流向中纬度急流区域输送低位涡(Potential Vorticity,PV)空气,使得其PV梯度增大和斜压性增强,从而激发了Rossby波在急流中生成并沿之向下游传播,而下游槽脊对引起更下游波型的发展也是通过Rossby波的频散而达成。

关键词: 台风, 温带变性, 下游发展, 涡动动能, 位涡

The interaction between extratropical transition process and the mid-latitude jet system stimulates the downstream development. In this paper, three typhoon cases were selected to study their downstream development mechanism through the analysis of the eddy kinetic energy budget and the idealized simulations. The results of Chen’s work to the Pacific region were examined. The results were consistent with the results of Chen’s Atlantic hurricane Case. ET downstream at the upper levels generated first eddies, and the disturbances triggered the low level eddy development. Then the upper and the lower coupled and formed a deep cyclone system throughout the whole troposphere. The ageostrophic geopotential flux promoted the formation and development of the downstream ridge from the typhoon. Vertical ageostrophic geopotential flux transferred energy from upper downward that convergence happened in lower, which stimulated the lower-level cyclone development. Simulation results showed that, in the process of ET, TC outflow transported low potential vorticity to mid-latitude jet, which enhanced the PV gradient and the baroclinic. Then, it is inspired the Rossby wave in the jet and propagated downstream. The formation of downstream ridge-trough couple and development of the further wave was the spread to the downstream through the Rossby wave.

Key words: Hurricane, Extratropical transition, Downstream development, Eddy kinetic energy, Potential vorticity.

中图分类号:

P444

图1 台风彩蝶变性过程中200 hPa环流场

Fig.1 The circulation at 200 hPa during ET process of Typhoon Nabi

图2 台风彩蝶变性过程中1 000 hPa环流场

Fig.2 The circulation at 1 000 hPa during the ET process of Typhoon Nabi

图3 2005年9月5~10日彩蝶高层下游脊涡动动能各分量增长曲线(单位:m ²/s ³)

Fig.3 Evolution of volume-mean eddy kinetic energy budget terms (m ²/s ³) for the downstream ridge in the Nabi case from 5 through 10 September 2005

图4 2005年9月5~10日彩蝶高层下游脊时间变化曲线
(a)总涡动动能 K_e;(b)总涡动动能时间倾向

? K e ? t

(单位m ²/s ³)

Fig.4 Evolution of the downstream ridge in the Nabi case from 5 through 10 September 2005
(a) Volume-mean eddy kinetic energy; (b) Time tendency of volume-mean eddy kinetic energy(m ²/s ³)

图4 2005年9月5~10日彩蝶高层下游脊时间变化曲线
(a)总涡动动能 K_e;(b)总涡动动能时间倾向

? K e ? t

(单位m ²/s ³)

Fig.4 Evolution of the downstream ridge in the Nabi case from 5 through 10 September 2005
(a) Volume-mean eddy kinetic energy; (b) Time tendency of volume-mean eddy kinetic energy(m ²/s ³)

图5 200 hPa上2005年9月6日00时彩蝶的非地转位势通量矢量场

Fig.5 The ageostrophic geopotential flux vectors at 200 hPa at 0000 UTC 06 September 2005

图6 2005年彩蝶中各涡旋的涡动动能各分量增长曲线(单位:m ²/s ³)
(a) 高层下游槽; (b) 中层下游脊; (c) 低层涡旋; (d) 低层非地转位势通量散度分解: 总通量散度(实线),水平分量(虚线), 垂直分量(点线)

Fig.6 Evolution of volume-mean eddy kinetic energy budget terms for individual eddies in the Nabi case in 2005(unit:m ²/s ³)
(a) The upper level downstream trough; (b) The midlevel downstream ridge; (c) The low level vortex; (d) Decomposition for lower-level flux divergence: Total (solid line), horizontal component (dashed line), vertical component (dotted line)

图7 台风彩云变性过程中200 hPa 环流场

Fig.7 The circulation at 200 hPa during ET process of Choi-wan case

图8 2009年9月17~23日彩云高层下游脊涡动动能各分量增长曲线(单位:m ²/s ³)

Fig.8 Evolution of volume-mean eddy kinetic energy budget terms (m ²/s ³) for the downstream ridge in the Choi-wan case from 17 through 23 September 2009

图9 2009年彩云中各涡旋的涡动动能各分量增长曲线(单位:m ²/s ³)
(a) 高层下游槽; (b) 中层下游脊; (c) 低层涡旋; (d) 低层非地转位势通量散度分解: 总通量散度(实线),水平分量(虚线),垂直分量(点线)

Fig.9 Evolution of volume-mean eddy kinetic energy budget terms (m ²/s ³) for individual eddies in the Choi-wan case in 2009(unit:m ²/s ³)
(a) The upper level downstream trough; (b)The midlevel downstream ridge; (c) The low level vortex; (d)Decomposition for lower-level flux divergence: Total (solid line), horizontal component (dashed line), vertical component (dotted line)

图10 台风马勒卡变性过程中200 hPa 环流场

Fig.10 The circulation at 200 hPa during ET process of Malakas

图11 2010年9月22~29日马勒卡高层下游脊涡动动能各分量增长曲线(单位:m ²/s ³)

Fig.11 Evolution of volume-mean eddy kinetic energy budget terms (m ²/s ³) for the downstream ridge in the Malakas from 22 through 29 September 2010

图12 2010年马勒卡中各涡旋的涡动动能各分量增长曲线(单位:m ²/s ³)
(a) 高层下游槽; (b) 中层下游脊; (c) 低层涡旋; (d) 低层非地转位势通量散度分解: 总通量散度(实线),水平分量(虚线),垂直分量(点线)

Fig.12 Evolution of volume-mean eddy kinetic energy budget terms (m ²/s ³) for individual eddies in the Malakas case in 2010(unit:m ²/s ³)
(a) The upper level downstream trough; (b)The midlevel downstream ridge; (c) The low level vortex; (d)Decomposition for lower-level flux divergence: Total (solid line), horizontal component (dashed line), vertical component (dotted line)

图13 理想实验中不同预报时刻的动力对流层顶图(2PVU面上 θ场)

Fig.13 The dynamic tropopause ( θ at 2PVU surface) at different times in the idealized simulation experiment The color shading is the potential temperature interpolated into 2PVU surface

图14 理想实验中在35°~45°N内平均的200 hPa经向风时间—经度Hovmöller图(单位:m/s)

Fig.14 Time-longitude Hovmöller of 200 hPa meridional wind (m/s)averaged at 35°~45°N in the idealized experiment

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摘要

Case Comparing Study of Downstream Circulation Development during Typhoon Extratropical Transition