无人飞机在台风探测中的应用进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.02.0276

与有人飞机的台风探测不同,无人飞机（也称无人机）因其相对低的成本且无人员伤亡风险等优势,自1997年一款名为“气象侦察兵（Aerosonde）”投入台风探测试验以来,受到国际社会的广泛关注。随着无人机技术[JP2]的迅猛发展,无人机的飞行高度、有效荷载和续航能力等性能不断提高,更多的台风特种观测仪器被搭载,特别是2010年NASA使用高空长航时无人机“全球鹰(Global Hawk)”对大西洋5个飓风的飞行探测取得成功后,基于无人机平台建立高空下投探空和近地/水面飞行观测相结合的台风精细结构探测体系渐成趋势。目前我国尚未建立飞机探测台风的业务,严重制约了我国台风定位定强和台风数值预报精度的进一步提高。鉴于此,简要概述了境内外无人机在台风探测中的实践和发展趋势,旨在推进我国无人机探测台风的实践及其业务化体系的建设。

关键词: 无人飞机, 台风, 结构, 探测

：Since the practice by using the “aerosonde” in mornitoring typhoon in 1997, the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have attracted widespread attention because of their riskfree casualty and relatively low cost advantages. With the rapid development of UAVs technology, and the continued improvement of payload and endurance capacities, more and more special observational instruments have been mounted on the UAVs. Particulary, since the “Global Hawk” was successfully used in the hurricane mornitoring experiment in 2010, the integrated and collaborative aircraft observations based on UAVs, including drop sounding and nearsurface flying, have become the trend. This paper briefly outlined the development of UAVs and their application to the detection of tropical cyclone, including the practice and trends. The aimes were to promote the practice of using the UAVs in tropical cyclone observation, and to improve its operational detection system development.

Key words: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Tropical cyclone, Structure, Detection.

中图分类号:

P444

图1 澳大利亚“MK-III”型无人机

Fig.1 The unmanned aerial vehicle “MK-III” of Australia

图2 2005年9月16日飓风“Ophelia”的 GOES-12 可见光云图及17-19点飞行观测路径(左)及飓风中的观测风速(右) 红：P-3,蓝：无人机,绿：浮标;黑对角线：飓风在16日12时至17日00时的移动路径

Fig.2 The GOES-12 visible image of hurricane “Ophelia” in 16 Septmber 2005 and the flight path of UAV from 17-19UTC (left), and the wind mornitored by UAV (right) Red:P-3, Blue:UAV, Green:buoy, Black:track of hurricane from 12UTC of 16 to 00UTC of 17 September 2005

图3 2005年10月1日16时龙王台风的雷达反射率及无人机穿越台风眼的轨迹图

Fig.3 The radar reflectivity of typhoon Longwang at 16UTC 1 October 2005 and the UAV’s flight path

图4 中国“晨鸟”无人机（左）及其对“海鸥”（中）和“森拉克”（右）台风探测的飞行轨迹

Fig.4 The Chinese UAV “Chenniao”(left) and its flight path during typhoon “Kalmaegi”(middle) and “Sinlaku”(right)

图5 2010年8~9月美国NASA利用“全球鹰”无人机探测飓风（a）飞行路径;（b）探测“弗兰克”飓风时无人机飞行在18 km高空

Fig.5 The UAV “Global Hawk” be used in hurricane monitoring by NASA in August-September 2010 （a）Fight path;（b）The “Global Hawk” at 18 km high altitude during monitoring “Frank” hurricane

图6 在“全球鹰”基础上改装的美国NASA“超强风暴哨兵（HS3）”无人机(a)及其对穿越飓风眼的观测试验(b) GH：“全球鹰”/HS3; WB-57和DC-8是NASA的有人机; P-3和G-IV是NOAA的有人机

Fig.6 The UAV “HS3” of NASA (a) and the observating experiment of flight path pass through hurrican’s eye (b) GH：Global hawk/HS3;WB-57 and DC-8：Manned aircraft of NASA;P-3 and G-IV：Manned aircraft of NOAA

图7 美国现役探测台风的有人机（ER-2,WB-57,G-IV,DC-8,C-130,P-3）和无人机（GH,Aerosonde）的飞行高度及其航程示意图

Fig. 7 The schematic diagram of altitude and flight of the operational manned typhoon mornitoring aircraft (ER-2, WB-57, G-IV, DC-8, C-130 and P-3) and UAV (GH, Aerosonde) in USA

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摘要

Progress of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Its Application in the Detection of Tropical Cyclone