宇宙成因核素
  <sup>10</sup>Be揭示的北祁连山侵蚀速率特征
  <sup>*</sup>

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.02.0268

山脉侵蚀速率的大小和时空分布信息是研究山脉构造—气候相互作用和地貌演化的关键切入点,其大小是受气候还是构造控制争论已久。宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be方法为从千年至万年尺度上定量研究流域平均侵蚀速率提供了一种先进和快捷的技术手段,为揭示侵蚀速率与现代气候和构造地貌因子的关系并进行相关分析提供了基础。利用该方法对北祁连山近现代侵蚀速率进行了研究。所采集的9个流域现代河沙样品,结合前人数据进行共同分析,结果显示该区侵蚀速率的变化范围为18.7~833 mm/ka,北祁连山中段的侵蚀速率约为323 mm/ka,该区侵蚀速率与降雨量没有明显的对应关系,但与流域平均坡度呈现很好的非线性关系,揭示坡度是该区侵蚀速率的最主要控制因素。通过对比北祁连山地表平均侵蚀速率和该区域的断层垂直滑动速率发现整体上该区域地表侵蚀速率要低于祁连山北缘断层的垂直滑动速率,反映了北祁连山正处于地形抬升和生长的过程之中。

关键词: 宇宙成因核素, 流域平均侵蚀速率, 坡度, 降水量, 祁连山

Knowledge of temporal and spatial distribution of erosion is the key to understanding the climate-tectonic interaction and topographical evolution of mountain belts and to making clear the long debate whether erosion is controlled by tectonics or climate. The newly developed cosmogenic nuclides method provides us with an advanced and convenient tool to measure millennium basin-wide erosion rate, allowing us to analyze its relationship with modern climatic, geomorphic and tectonic factors. Hence, we adopted the ¹⁰Be method to investigate the basin-wide millennium erosion rates of Northern Qilian Mountains and aimed to find the controlling factors of erosion rates of this area. We collected and analyzed 9 samples from Heihe River and the front of the Northern Qilian Mountains. Our results, together with published ¹⁰Be derived erosion rates in this area, showed that the erosion rates of the basins we studied ranged from 18.7 mm/ka to 833 mm/ka, and that the weighted average erosion rates of the middle section of the Northern Qilian Mountains was about 323 mm/ka. Spatial distribution of erosion rates and correlation analysis reveal that the basin-wide erosion rate was nonlinearly correlated to the basin average slope, while no apparent correlation between erosion rate and precipitation was found. Altogether, it indicated that the slope or terrain steepness was the major controlling factor on erosion rate of the Northern Qilian Mountains area. By comparing the basin-wide average erosion rates and the vertical slip rates of faults of the Northern Qilian Mountains, our research also revealed that the surface erosion rates generally agreed with vertical slip rates of the Northern Qilian Mountains faults, implying that the Northern Qilian Mountains area was experiencing topographical uplift and outgrowth.

Key words: Cosmogenic nuclide, Basin-wide erosion rates, Slope, Precipitation, Qilian Mountains.

中图分类号:

P512.2

图1 北祁连山地形、年均降水量、主要断裂和采样流域、样点及流域侵蚀速率分布图

Fig.1 The distribution map of topography , annual mean precipitation, major faults, sampling basins and obtained erosion rates of the Northern Qilian Shan

表1 采样点位置和相应盆地平均侵蚀速率

Table 1 Sample locations and corresponding basin-wide erosion rates

样品编号	采样位置		盆地面积/km²	盆地平均坡度	样品¹⁰Be含量/（10³ atoms／g quartz）		误差/(±1σ, 10³ atoms／g quartz)	侵蚀速率/(mm/ka)	误差/(±1σ, mm/ka)
样品编号	纬度/°N	经度/°E	盆地面积/km²	盆地平均坡度	样品¹⁰Be含量/（10³ atoms／g quartz）		误差/(±1σ, 10³ atoms／g quartz)	侵蚀速率/(mm/ka)	误差/(±1σ, mm/ka)
JN-29-1^＊	38.544	100.252	51.9	28.4	121.0	5.6		247.2	11.4
JN-29-3^＊	38.526	100.359	146	30.0	99.5	5.0		321.7	16.4
JN-29-4^＊	38.459	100.496	225.4	30.0	71.2	3.2		483.1	21.5
JN-30-3^＊	38.265	100.778	357.9	24.8	126.8	6.2		263.2	12.9
JN-30-5^＊	38.355	100.624	103.4	30.7	115.1	7.9		320.9	22.1
JL-2-1^＊	38.847	98.880	661	10.1	1449.0	37.0		29.7	0.8
JL-2-13^＊	38.222	100.044	4902.9	16.6	99.0	4.9		398.6	19.9
JL-3-2^＊	37.994	100.783	432.5	13.8	41.1	1.9		787.9	37.3
JL-3-12^＊	38.208	100.193	2466.4	18.7	75.3	3.5		434.7	20.2
P06C16	38.795	99.555	813.2	25.8	220.0	12.0		196.0	11.0
P06C32	38.671	100.036	9423.4	19.8	113.0	6.2		325.0	12.0
P07C12	39.075	99.246	53	30.9	71.2	5.6		550.0	43.0
P07C13	39.162	99.169	559.1	29.4	92.4	6.1		422.0	28.0
P07C19	39.250	99.053	41.4	31.9	78.3	5.1		395.0	26.0
P07C20	39.027	99.287	37.4	31.5	36.3	5.1		768.0	108.0
P07C23	38.856	99.529	56.5	30.3	353.0	18.0		103.0	5.4
P07C41	39.680	97.512	545.2	21.6	1104.0	35.0		39.2	1.3
P07C42	39.643	97.660	663.3	22.0	393.0	19.0		100.0	4.8
P07C43	39.403	97.695	0.2	21.1	337.0	18.0		127.0	6.8
P07C44	39.716	97.227	347.1	19.8	449.0	19.0		77.0	3.3
P07C45	39.400	97.629	66.9	25.4	1064.0	44.0		50.6	2.1
P07C46	39.339	98.815	565	29.5	47.6	3.9		833.0	68.0
QS-JG-33	38.767	99.410	15.2	27.9	143.2	8.0		248.0	14.0
QS-JG-34	38.825	99.313	154.4	22.8	129.5	7.7		314.0	19.0
QS-JG-40	38.806	99.306	6.2	27.0	653.0	27.0		62.3	2.6
QS-JG-41	38.812	99.316	15.4	25.6	560.0	21.0		67.1	2.5
QS-JG-42	38.766	99.451	548.7	25.1	175.2	8.3		216.0	10.0
QS-JG-43	38.828	99.274	6.6	25.9	447.0	16.0		96.0	3.4
QS-JG-47	38.769	99.165	11.6	17.7	1608.0	48.0		27.4	0.8
QS-JG-48	38.725	99.287	12.1	20.5	2341.0	70.0		18.7	0.6
QS-JG-49	38.682	99.252	1876.4	10.8	857.0	26.0		47.0	1.5
QS-JG-55	38.802	99.093	13.9	17.6	2215.0	66.0		20.3	0.6

表1 采样点位置和相应盆地平均侵蚀速率

Table 1 Sample locations and corresponding basin-wide erosion rates

样品编号	采样位置		盆地面积/km²	盆地平均坡度	样品¹⁰Be含量/（10³ atoms／g quartz）		误差/(±1σ, 10³ atoms／g quartz)	侵蚀速率/(mm/ka)	误差/(±1σ, mm/ka)
样品编号	纬度/°N	经度/°E	盆地面积/km²	盆地平均坡度	样品¹⁰Be含量/（10³ atoms／g quartz）		误差/(±1σ, 10³ atoms／g quartz)	侵蚀速率/(mm/ka)	误差/(±1σ, mm/ka)
JN-29-1^＊	38.544	100.252	51.9	28.4	121.0	5.6		247.2	11.4
JN-29-3^＊	38.526	100.359	146	30.0	99.5	5.0		321.7	16.4
JN-29-4^＊	38.459	100.496	225.4	30.0	71.2	3.2		483.1	21.5
JN-30-3^＊	38.265	100.778	357.9	24.8	126.8	6.2		263.2	12.9
JN-30-5^＊	38.355	100.624	103.4	30.7	115.1	7.9		320.9	22.1
JL-2-1^＊	38.847	98.880	661	10.1	1449.0	37.0		29.7	0.8
JL-2-13^＊	38.222	100.044	4902.9	16.6	99.0	4.9		398.6	19.9
JL-3-2^＊	37.994	100.783	432.5	13.8	41.1	1.9		787.9	37.3
JL-3-12^＊	38.208	100.193	2466.4	18.7	75.3	3.5		434.7	20.2
P06C16	38.795	99.555	813.2	25.8	220.0	12.0		196.0	11.0
P06C32	38.671	100.036	9423.4	19.8	113.0	6.2		325.0	12.0
P07C12	39.075	99.246	53	30.9	71.2	5.6		550.0	43.0
P07C13	39.162	99.169	559.1	29.4	92.4	6.1		422.0	28.0
P07C19	39.250	99.053	41.4	31.9	78.3	5.1		395.0	26.0
P07C20	39.027	99.287	37.4	31.5	36.3	5.1		768.0	108.0
P07C23	38.856	99.529	56.5	30.3	353.0	18.0		103.0	5.4
P07C41	39.680	97.512	545.2	21.6	1104.0	35.0		39.2	1.3
P07C42	39.643	97.660	663.3	22.0	393.0	19.0		100.0	4.8
P07C43	39.403	97.695	0.2	21.1	337.0	18.0		127.0	6.8
P07C44	39.716	97.227	347.1	19.8	449.0	19.0		77.0	3.3
P07C45	39.400	97.629	66.9	25.4	1064.0	44.0		50.6	2.1
P07C46	39.339	98.815	565	29.5	47.6	3.9		833.0	68.0
QS-JG-33	38.767	99.410	15.2	27.9	143.2	8.0		248.0	14.0
QS-JG-34	38.825	99.313	154.4	22.8	129.5	7.7		314.0	19.0
QS-JG-40	38.806	99.306	6.2	27.0	653.0	27.0		62.3	2.6
QS-JG-41	38.812	99.316	15.4	25.6	560.0	21.0		67.1	2.5
QS-JG-42	38.766	99.451	548.7	25.1	175.2	8.3		216.0	10.0
QS-JG-43	38.828	99.274	6.6	25.9	447.0	16.0		96.0	3.4
QS-JG-47	38.769	99.165	11.6	17.7	1608.0	48.0		27.4	0.8
QS-JG-48	38.725	99.287	12.1	20.5	2341.0	70.0		18.7	0.6
QS-JG-49	38.682	99.252	1876.4	10.8	857.0	26.0		47.0	1.5
QS-JG-55	38.802	99.093	13.9	17.6	2215.0	66.0		20.3	0.6

图2 北祁连山流域侵蚀速率与降水量关系散点图

Fig. 2 Scatter plot of erosion rates and annual mean precipitations of the Northern Qilian Shan

图3 北祁连山流域侵蚀速率与流域平均坡度关系(a)及其与龙门山流域侵蚀速率与平均坡度关系(b)的对比

Fig. 3 Relationship between basin-wide erosion rate and average basin slope in the Northern Qilian Shan(a) and its comparison with that of the Longmen Shan in the eastern Tibetan Plateau(b)

图4 北祁连山内部黑河上游流经的第三系红层盆地及其高山草原景观

Fig.4 The Tertiary red beds of the upper Heihe (River) and the surrounding alpine grassland

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Erosion rates of Northern Qilian Shan revealed by Cosmogenic 10Be

Erosion rates of Northern Qilian Shan revealed by Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be