浊流及其相关的深水底形研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.01.0052

地球科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 52 -65. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.01.0052

浊流及其相关的深水底形研究进展

王大伟 ¹(

), 白宏新 ^1, ², 吴时国 ^1, ^2, ³

1.中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所,海南省海底资源与探测技术重点实验室,海南三亚 572000
2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
3.青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室,山东青岛 266237

收稿日期:2017-09-30 修回日期:2017-12-25 出版日期:2018-01-10
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目“琼东南盆地深水重力流沉积旋回演化规律与形成机理”(编号:41576049)和“南海珠江口外海底峡谷内底形沉积结构与形成机理”(编号:41666002)资助

The Research Progress of Turbidity Currents and Related Deep-water Bedforms

Dawei Wang ¹( ), Hongxin Bai ^1, ², Shiguo Wu ^1, ^2, ³

1.Laboratory of Marine Geophysics and Georesource, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China
3.Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

Received:2017-09-30 Revised:2017-12-25 Online:2018-01-10 Published:2018-03-06
About author:
First author:Wang Dawei(1976-), male, Suihua City, Heilongjiang Province, Associate professor. Research areas include marine geophysics, submarine geohazard.E-mail:wangdawei@idsse.ac.cn
Supported by:
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Evolution and mechanism of deep-water gravity flow sediment cycles in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea” (No.41576049) and “Sedimentary architecture and mechanism of bedforms within submarine canyon out of the Pear River Estuary, South China Sea” (No.41666002)

全文 ( 36 ) 下载PDF ( 1631 )

从19世纪发现海底浊流现象开始,这一重要的深水沉积过程就引起了地学界的广泛关注。研究发现深水浊流成因的周期阶坎等超临界流底形广泛分布于海底,且与鲍马定义的浊积岩序列有着密切联系。由于浊流事件的不可预测、破坏力强,直接观测设备和技术也比较匮乏,造成对浊流事件进行直接海底观测的工作较少。总结了国内外浊流及其相关底形的研究成果,对浊流分类、底形的形成与演化进行了讨论,列举了国内外几个典型深水区浊流及其相关超临界流底形的研究案例,包括实验、数值模拟和深水底形研究,详细介绍了周期阶坎这一主要的超临界流底形,讨论了周期阶坎的形成与演化过程及其与鲍马序列的对应关系。最后,对浊流及其相关的超临界流底形研究进行了展望。

关键词: 深水, 浊流, 底形, 周期阶坎, 鲍马序列

Since turbidity current was reported in the 19th century, its flow dynamics, depositional processes and products have drawn much attention of geoscience community. In the last decades, with the help of rapid development of geophysical technology in deep-water areas, superficial bedforms formed by turbidity currents like cyclic steps have been widely documented on the seafloor, and they have been interpreted to be closely related to turbidite facies defined by the Bouma sequence. However, there is still a lack of direct observation on turbidity currents due to difficulties in the design and deployment of flow-measuring instruments under the sea. Such difficulties also result in much uncertainties in the explanations for the formation of bedforms and related flow processes. This paper summarized and discussed current research status of turbidity-currents classification, the formation and evolution of bedforms. Examples of supercritical-bedform studies using various methods such as experiments, numerical simulation, bathymetric data and seismic data, were shown in this paper. As one of main supercritical flow bedforms, cyclic steps were described in detail in this paper, including its formation, evolution and relationship with Bouma sequence. The variations in initial bed morphology and hydrodynamic parameters are responsible for the changes in the shapes of bedforms. Turbidites formed under different hydrodynamic conditions correspond to different units of Bouma sequence. Not all turbidity events can form a complete Bouma sequence. Therefore, traditional Bouma sequence cannot be applied to all turbidite studies. A more complete turbidite facies model must be established through studies from modern deep-sea sediments, outcrops, physical and numerical simulations. Additionally, turbidity currents and related supercritical bedforms are receiving more and more attention. They are important components of understanding the dynamic evolution of deep-water continental slope. The study of cyclic steps and other bedforms related to turbidity currents not only helps to characterize flow dynamics, but also provides a theoretical basis for the research of turbidite reservoirs. Finally, we proposed future research directions of turbidity currents and their related supercritical bedforms.

Key words: Deep-water, Turbidity currents, Bedform, Cyclic steps, Bouma sequence.

中图分类号:

P736.21

图1 以雷诺数和维德尼科夫数为依据的超临界流底形概念上的细分图 ^{[

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Fig.1 Conceptual subdivision of supercritical-flow phenomena on the basis of Reynolds number and Vedernikov number ^{[

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图2 不对称周期阶坎和密度弗劳德数( Fr _d)变化示意图(从左至右) ^{[

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Fig.2 Schematic drawing of a series of asymmetrical cyclic steps (downstream from left to right) and hypothetical densimetric Froude number ( Fr _d) variability ^{[

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图3 水道—朵体过渡带超临界浊流内水跃过程及其沉积形成的底形(据参考文献[14,39~41]修改)
(a)小体积、富砂流体,上面是流动过程,下面是沉积物;(b)大体积、砂泥混合流体,上面是流动过程,下面是沉积物,C-C’和D-D’是(c)和(d)示意图的位置(据参考文献[39]修改);(c)水道—朵体过渡带平面图(据参考文献[40]修改);(d)周期阶坎沉积的浊积岩相

Fig.3 Processes and deposits of supercritical turbidity currents undergoing an internal hydraulic jump at the channel-lobe transition zone(modified after references [14,39~41])
(a) Relatively small-volume, sandrich current. Above: Process, Below: Resulting deposit. (b) Large-volume, mixed sand and mudcurrent. Above:Process;Below: Resulting deposit. The regions of C-C’ and D-D’ are schematically illustrated inparts (c) and (d) (modified after reference [39]).(c)Map view of channel-lobe transition zone(modified after reference [40]). (d) Turbidite facies produced by deposition on a single cyclic step

图4 超临界流底形水槽实验 ^{[

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(a)Utrecht University的Eurotank水槽实验室可循环水槽示意图,长12 m,宽0.48 m,高0.6 m;(b)水槽中正在流动的流体形成了周期阶坎底形,水槽下方灰色的是再循环管道;(c)从水槽头部向下游看到的周期阶坎底形形成环境

Fig.4 Flume experiment of supercritical bedforms ^{[

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(a) Re-circulating flume, 12 m long, 0.48 m wide and 0.6 m long in the Eurotank Flume Laboratory at Utrecht University. (b) Flume in action with flow directed to the left and development of cyclic steps, notice gray recirculating pipe underneath the main tank.
(c) Downstream view from the flume head during cyclic-step conditions

图5 单向超临界流流动过程及其底形结构和演化的4个阶段示意图 ^{[

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(a) 稳定的逆行沙丘; (b)不稳定逆行沙丘; (c)流槽和冲坑; (d)周期阶坎底形

Fig.5 Representative overview of four stages in unidirectional supercritical flows ^{[

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(a) Antidunes. (b)Unstable antidunes. (c)Chutes-and-pools. (d)Cyclic steps

图6 周期阶坎演化的控制因素 ^[37] (a)基础方案:颗粒大小80 μm,抗侵蚀能力 p=0.04; p的范围为0~1,分别对应固结岩床到未固结松散沉积物;(c)~(h)的条件除了选中的控制因素外,其他和(a)基本一致;底形演化(绿线)沿初始陆坡(红线)变化;(b)基础方案弗劳德数向下游的变化情况;(c)初始陆坡的影响( S ₀从1.3%增加到2.5%);(d)河床孔隙度的影响( λ从0.5增加到0.7);(e)悬浮沉积物浓度的影响( C ₀从0.01增加至0.03);(f)沉积物提供的影响(抗侵蚀能力 p从0.04增加至0.06);(g)坡折带位置的影响(在模拟域内从6 km增加至15 km);(h)流体弗劳德数的影响(流体深度从20 m增加至100 m)

Fig.6 Controlson the evolution of cyclic steps ^{[

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(a) Base case in which grain size was set equal to 80 μm and the entrainment limiter p was set equal to 0.04. The entrainment limiter p ranges from 0 for consolidated bedrock to 1 for unconsolidated, loose sediment. Parts (c)~(h) pertain to the same conditions as part (a), except for the value of one selected control parameter. Bed elevation (green lines) change along a hypothetical initial slope (red line) in response to a sequence of overriding turbidity currents.(b) Downstream variation in the Froude number for the base case in part A.(c) Effect of the initial slope ( S ₀ increased from 1.3% to 2.5%).(d) Effect of bed porosity ( λ increased from 0.5 to 0.7).(e) Effect of the inflow concentration of suspended sediment ( C ₀ increased from 0.01 to 0.03).(f) Effect of the sediment availability (entrainment limiter p increased from 0.04 to 0.06).(g) Effect of the slope-break location (increased from 6 to 15 km within the model domain). (h) Effect of the inflow Froude number (inflow depth increased from 20 to 100 m)

图7 周期阶坎波列分布图
(a)典型峡谷1水深及周期阶坎波列分布图;(b)典型峡谷2水深及波列分布图 ^{[

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Fig.7 Distribution diagrams of cyclic steps
(a)Bathymetric image and cyclic steps along typical canyon 1. (b)Bathymetric image and cyclic steps along typical canyon 2 ^{[

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图8 单相和双相悬浮流三维底形稳定性图 ^{[

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Fig.8 Three dimensional bed-form stability diagram for 1 and 2-phase suspension flows ^{[

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图9 试验中观察到的单相悬浮流流动过程(a)和野外观察到的浊积岩(b) ^{[

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浊积岩包括:递变层理段Ta(2)、平行层理段Tb(1和3)、爬升波状交错层理段(4)和被牵引毯沉积覆盖的波状层理段(5)

Fig.9 The flow process of 1-phase suspension flow observed in experiment (a) and the outcrop of turbidite bed (b) ^{[

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The flow process of 1-phase suspension flow observed in experiment (a) and the outcrop of turbidite bed (b). The turbidite bed including: Graded Ta unit (2), plane bed laminated Tb units (1 and 3), climbing ripples cross sets (4), the ripples are covered by traction carpet deposits (5)

图10 高浓度浊流(类型一和类型二)和低浓度浊流(类型三和类型四)流体动力学和大尺度构造特征,流动方向从左向右 ^{[

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Fig.10 Summary of flow dynamic and large-scale architrcture for high-concentration and low-concentration turbidity currents, flow is from left to right^{[

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图11 周期阶坎底形上的沉积相 ^{[

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Fig.11 Facies produced by deposition on cyclic step ^{[

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The Research Progress of Turbidity Currents and Related Deep-water Bedforms

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The Research Progress of Turbidity Currents and Related Deep-water Bedforms