地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 629 -643. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.041   cstr: 32269.14.adearth.CN62-1091/P.2026.041

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

热带太平洋海气界面二氧化碳通量与控制因素研究进展
马晓婧1,2,3(), 曲宝晓1,2,3(), 袁华茂1,2,3, 宋金明1,2,3   
  1. 1.中国科学院海洋研究所,海洋生态与环境科学实验室,山东 青岛 266404
    2.青岛海洋科技中心,海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266404
    3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 收稿日期:2026-04-14 修回日期:2026-05-24 出版日期:2026-06-10
  • 通讯作者: 曲宝晓 E-mail:maxiaojing@qdio.ac.cn;qubx@qdio.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(42276206)

Advances of the Air-Sea CO2 Flux and Controlling Factors in the Tropical Pacific

Xiaojing Ma1,2,3(), Baoxiao Qu1,2,3(), Huamao Yuan1,2,3, Jinming Song1,2,3   

  1. 1.Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266404, China
    2.Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266404, China
    3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • Received:2026-04-14 Revised:2026-05-24 Online:2026-06-10 Published:2026-09-02
  • Contact: Baoxiao Qu E-mail:maxiaojing@qdio.ac.cn;qubx@qdio.ac.cn
  • About author:Ma Xiaojing, research area includes marine biogeochemistry. E-mail: maxiaojing@qdio.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42276206)

热带太平洋是全球海气相互作用最活跃的区域之一,发生在该区域的海气碳交换过程对全球碳循环和气候变化发挥关键作用。基于对观测与模拟资料的总结,阐述了热带太平洋海气界面二氧化碳通量的时空变化特征和关键控制过程,并展望了未来可能的变化趋势。热带太平洋整体是大气CO2的碳源,平均释放量约为0.27 Pg C/a,空间上呈现“源—汇”的东西不对称分布和“汇—源—汇”的南北准对称分布;时间上具有类似厄尔尼诺—南方涛动循环的变化特征,并且季节变化上,2~3月通量最低、9~10月通量最高。热带太平洋海气碳交换过程受控因素复杂,大气CO2浓度是主导二氧化碳通量长期变化的主要外部强迫,并可通过调节厄尔尼诺—南方涛动过程间接影响其年际和年代际演变;风速是决定海气间传输速率的重要动力因素,洋流混合则通过水团输运直接实现碳的物质交换;温度和淡水输入一方面通过分别改变二氧化碳气体溶解度、稀释海水无机碳和总碱度来间接影响海水二氧化碳分压,另一方面又都是维持海洋层结状态,控制水体垂直交换的重要因素。以上诸多因素还与海洋生物地球化学过程密切耦合,通过海水碳酸盐平衡体系对海气碳交换过程施加调控。在未来人为碳排放增加的背景下,大气CO2浓度持续升高仍将主导热带太平洋海气碳交换过程的长期演变,并通过全球变暖引发的海水缓冲能力下降、温跃层梯度变化以及ENSO变率演化等过程重塑热带太平洋的碳源汇格局。因此,下一步应加强热带太平洋海气碳交换对全球变暖响应过程的研究,明确源汇转变的条件与可逆性。

The tropical Pacific Ocean is the most active region for sea-air interactions globally, where carbon exchange plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle and climate change. Analysis of observational and simulation data reveals the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and key controlling processes of sea-air CO2 flux (FCO2) in this region, along with projections of its future trends. The tropical Pacific serves as a carbon source for atmospheric CO2, releasing an average of approximately 0.27 Pg C/a. Spatially, the flux shows an asymmetric east-west “source-sink” pattern and a quasi-symmetric north-south “sink-source-sink” pattern. Temporally, it varies with the ENSO cycle, with seasonal minima in February-March and maxima in September-October. The processes governing air-sea carbon exchange are both controlled and complex. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is the dominant external forcing controlling the long-term variability of air-sea FCO2, while modulating its interannual-decadal variability through ENSO. Wind speed is the primary dynamic factor governing the gas transport rate between these two environments. Additionally, ocean current mixing directly drives carbon exchange through horizontal transport. Sea surface temperature and freshwater input indirectly influence the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater by altering the gas’s solubility and diluting inorganic carbon and total alkalinity, respectively. Furthermore, these factors are crucial for maintaining ocean stratification and affecting the vertical exchange of water masses. Many of these elements are also intricately linked to marine biogeochemical processes, thereby regulating sea-air carbon exchange through the seawater carbonate balance system. Under increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions, rising atmospheric CO2 will continue to dominate the long-term evolution of tropical Pacific air-sea CO2 exchange, potentially reshaping regional carbon source-sink patterns through processes associated with global warming, including reduced seawater buffering capacity, changes in thermocline structure, and altered ENSO variability. Consequently, it is imperative to enhance research on the processes governing sea-atmosphere carbon exchange in this region in response to global warming, and to elucidate the conditions and reversibility associated with source-sink transformations.

中图分类号: 

表1 本文所采用的海气界面二氧化碳通量( FCO2 )数据集
Table 1 The air-sea FCO2 datasets used in this study
图1 热带太平洋主要大气环流和海洋流系示意图
大气环流结构,包括沿赤道在西太平洋上升、东太平洋下沉的沃克环流和在热带上升、副热带下沉的哈德莱环流;热带太平洋主要海洋流系示意图,包括北赤道流(NEC)、南赤道流(SEC)、北赤道逆流(NECC)以及西边界流。4个红色方块分别表示本研究所界定的关键区域:赤道暖池区(A)、赤道冷舌区(B)、热带太平洋南部(C)和热带太平洋北部(D)。
Fig. 1 Major atmospheric and oceanic circulations in the tropical Pacific Ocean
The atmospheric circulation structure, including the Walker Cell, which rises over the western Pacific and sinks over the eastern Pacific along the equator, and the Hadley Cell, which rises in the tropics and sinks in the subtropics; The distribution of ocean currents in the tropical Pacific, including the North Equatorial Current (NEC), South Equatorial Current (SEC), North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), and western boundary currents. Four red squares mark the key regions identified in this study: equatorial warm pool (A), equatorial cold tongue (B), tropical South Pacific (C), and tropical North Pacific (D).
图2 1982—2024年热带太平洋海气界面二氧化碳通量( FCO2 )年平均气候态空间分布
(a)~(f)分别来自CMEMS-LSCE、OceanSODA_ETHZ、JMA Ocean CO2 map、MPI-SOMFFN、FFNN-pCO2和SJTU-AViT数据集。
Fig. 2 Spatial patterns of the climatological annual-mean air-sea CO2 flux ( FCO2 ) in the tropical Pacific from 1982 to 2024
(a)~(f) are from datasets CMEMS-LSCE, OceanSODA_ETHZ, JMA Ocean CO2 map, MPI-SOMFFN, FFNN-pCO2, and SJTU-AViT.
图3 1982—2024年热带太平洋海气界面二氧化碳通量( FCO2 )的季节演变
(a)~(d)冬季、春季、夏季和秋季热带太平洋海气界面FCO2的空间分布,正值代表海洋向大气释放CO2,负值代表海洋吸收大气CO2;(e)不同区域(热带太平洋、暖池、冷舌、热带太平洋北部及南部)FCO2的季节变化的时间序列。
Fig. 3 Seasonal evolution of air-sea FCO2 in the tropical Pacific Ocean from 1982 to 2024
(a)~(d) Winter, spring, summer, and autumn of air-sea FCO2 patterns in the tropical Pacific. Positive values indicate CO2 release from the ocean to the atmosphere, while negative values indicate CO2 uptake by the ocean;(e) Seasonal FCO2 time series for five regions (tropical Pacific, warm pool, cold tongue, north tropical Pacific, and south tropical Pacific).
图4 1982—2024年热带太平洋海气界面二氧化碳通量( FCO2 )长期变化特征
(a)1982—2024年海气界面FCO2的空间分布;(b)6套不同数据集及其整合平均海气界面FCO2在热带太平洋的时间变化序列。黑点表示通过95%显著性检验(p<0.05)的区域。
Fig. 4 Long-term trend of FCO2 in the tropical Pacific from 1982 to 2024
(a) Spatial trend distribution of air-sea FCO2 from 1982 to 2024;(b) Time series of air-sea FCO2 over the tropical Pacific from six different datasets and their mean. Black dots denote areas statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (p< 0.05).
图5 热带太平洋海气界面二氧化碳通量( FCO2 )变化的控制因素
Fig. 5 Factors of the air-sea FCO2 changes in the tropical Pacific
图6 不同排放情景下热带太平洋海气界面二氧化碳通量( FCO2 )的未来变化趋势
基于CMIP6计划中11个全球气候模式模拟的海气界面FCO2数据,平均后得到在不同排放情景下的未来变化趋势。实线表示多模式集合平均值,阴影表示相应数据的不确定性。
Fig. 6 Future trends of air-sea FCO2 in the tropical Pacific Ocean under different emission scenarios
Based on the air-sea FCO2 data simulated by 11 global climate models under the CMIP6 framework, the multi-model ensemble mean was used to derive future trends under different emission scenarios. Solid lines represent the multi-model ensemble mean and the shadings indicate the uncertainty.
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