地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4): 360 -376. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.027   cstr: 32269.14.adearth.CN62-1091/P.2026.027

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

宇宙射线影响大气成分的研究进展
杨好1(), 曲奕川1, 王体健1(), 古娇宇2, 王勤耕3, 王婷婷4, Kilifarska-Nedialkova Natalya Andreeva5   
  1. 1.南京大学 大气科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京大学 南京赫尔辛基大气与地球系统科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
    3.南京大学 环境学院,江苏 南京 210023
    4.南京工业大学 国家大学科技园,江苏 南京 211816
    5.保加利亚科学院 气候、大气和水文研究所,索非亚 1113,保加利亚
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-23 修回日期:2026-03-11 出版日期:2026-04-10
  • 通讯作者: 王体健 E-mail:502024280041@smail.nju.edu.cn;yhao@smail.nju.edu.cn;tjwang@nju.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(42477103);国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3711905)

Research Progress of Cosmic Rays on Atmospheric Composition

Hao Yang1(), Yichuan Qu1, Tijian Wang1(), Jiaoyu Gu2, Qingeng Wang3, Tingting Wang4, Natalya Andreeva Kilifarska-Nedialkova5   

  1. 1.School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
    2.Nanjing -Helsinki Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
    3.School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
    4.National Science Park, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
    5.Climate Atmosphere and Water Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
  • Received:2025-12-23 Revised:2026-03-11 Online:2026-04-10 Published:2026-06-09
  • Contact: Tijian Wang E-mail:502024280041@smail.nju.edu.cn;yhao@smail.nju.edu.cn;tjwang@nju.edu.cn
  • About author:Yang Hao, research areas include the interaction between cosmic rays and atmospheric constituents. E-mail: 502024280041@smail.nju.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477103);The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFC3711905)

宇宙射线作为来自宇宙空间的高能带电粒子,持续轰击地球大气层,是影响地球大气的自然强迫之一,其通量受太阳活动、行星际磁场和地磁场的共同调制。宇宙射线携带的高能粒子电离大气,并通过离子—分子化学过程改变上对流层—下平流层区域臭氧和水汽的浓度水平和垂直结构,进而可能在长时间尺度上影响地球大气成分和气候演变。围绕宇宙射线影响大气成分的研究进展,从大气电离与电导率特征、氮氧化物与自由基生成机制、臭氧响应特征以及水汽反馈路径4个方面进行综述。已有研究表明,宇宙射线可通过诱发大气电离生成NO x 和HO x 等活性物种,对平流层和对流层臭氧产生相反的区域差异效应,并可能通过调节温度垂直结构和云微物理过程间接影响水汽分布。不过,当前对于宇宙射线影响大气成分的定量评估仍存在较大不确定性,相关模式对关键过程的刻画也有待完善。基于此,建议未来应重点加强“宇宙射线—臭氧/水汽—气候”多过程耦合机制的定量研究,并发展更精细的离子化学动力学方案和高分辨率气候化学模拟,以加深对宇宙射线这一自然强迫因子在大气成分变化中作用的系统认识。

As high-energy charged particles from space, cosmic rays continue to bombard Earth’s atmosphere, which is one of the natural forcings affecting the atmosphere. Their flux is modulated by solar activity, the interplanetary magnetic field, and the geomagnetic field. High-energy particles carried by cosmic rays ionize the atmosphere and alter the horizontal and vertical structure of ozone and water vapor concentrations in the Upper Troposphere-Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region through ion-molecular chemical processes, which may affect atmospheric composition and climate evolution on long time scales. In this paper, the research progress on the influence of cosmic rays on atmospheric composition is reviewed from four aspects: atmospheric ionization and conductivity characteristics, nitrogen oxide and free radical formation mechanisms, ozone response characteristics, and water vapor feedback pathways. Previous studies have shown that cosmic rays can generate active species such as NO x and HO x by inducing atmospheric ionization, produce opposite regional differences in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone, and may indirectly affect water vapor distribution by adjusting the vertical temperature structure and cloud microphysical processes. However, there remains significant uncertainty in the quantitative assessment of the impact of cosmic rays on atmospheric composition, and the characterization of key processes in relevant models needs improvement. Based on this, future research directions are outlined. Quantitative research on the multi-process coupling mechanism of “cosmic ray-ozone/water vapor-climate” should be strengthened, and more detailed ion chemical kinetics schemes and high-resolution climate-chemical simulations should be developed to deepen the systematic understanding of the role of cosmic rays as a natural forcing factor in changes in atmospheric composition.

中图分类号: 

图1 19812023Lomnický štít中子监测资料及F10.7Dst指数的长期变化特征23
(a)气压校正后的相对中子计数时间序列,并叠加多项式拟合,用来展示其长期变化趋势;(b)F10.7太阳射电通量指数;(c)Dst地磁活动指数。各变量右侧为对应的概率分布直方图。
Fig. 1 Neutron monitoring data from Lomnický štít and long-term trends in the F10.7 and Dst indices during 1981-202323
(a) The relative neutron count time series after pressure correction is superimposed with polynomial fitting to show its long-term trend; (b) F10.7 solar radio flux index; (c) Dst geomagnetic activity index. The corresponding probability distribution histograms are shown on the right side of each variable.
图2 宇宙射线驱动大气电离、影响大气成分和地球气候的关键过程示意图
初级宇宙射线进入大气后会触发大气级联簇射,引起大气电离,影响NO x 和HO x 等活性物种的生成,这些过程会改变臭氧的化学平衡,同时也通过改变云微物理过程,进一步影响地球气候变化。
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of key processes by which cosmic rays drive atmospheric ionization and influence atmospheric composition and climate
After primary cosmic rays enter the atmosphere, they will trigger atmospheric cascade showers, cause atmospheric ionization, and affect the formation of active species (NO x and HO x ). These processes will change the chemical balance of ozone and further affect the Earth’s climate by changing cloud microphysical processes.
图3 广延大气簇射(EAS)简化模型
(a)粒子级联簇射的发展过程,显示粒子数逐级倍增的特征;(b)簇射纵向廓线直方图,表现簇射粒子数随大气深度的变化。Xmax是宇宙射线簇射在大气中粒子数或能量沉积达到最大值时所对应的大气深度,单位为g/cm2Eparticle为级联过程中单个粒子的能量,Ecritical为临界能量。
Fig. 3 Simplified model of an Extensive Air ShowerEAS
(a) The development process of a particle cascade shower, showing the characteristics of particle number increasing step by step; (b) The longitudinal profile histogram of the shower, which shows the change in the number of shower particles with the atmospheric depth. Xmax is the atmospheric depth corresponding to the maximum number of particles or energy deposition of cosmic ray showers in the atmosphere, and the unit is g/cm2. Eparticle denotes the energy of an individual cascade particle, while Ecritical denotes the critical energy.
图4 FD事件期间AZOAzores)站与STUStudenec)站近地面垂直大气电场的变化50
纵轴以各自站点的平均垂直大气电场值进行归一化;Ez 为近地面垂直大气电场。粉色阴影表示2017年9月该站其他晴天条件下的四分位范围,作为背景参考。
Fig. 4 Variations in the near-surface vertical atmospheric electric field at the AZOAzoresand STUStudenecstations during the FD event50
The vertical axis is normalized by the average vertical atmospheric electric field value of each station. Ez : Vertical atmospheric electric field. The pink shadow represents the quartile range of the station under other sunny conditions in September 2017 as a background reference.
图5 太阳爆发期间宇宙射线变化对全球大气电路的调制机制示意图50
(a)正常条件下的全球电路结构;(b)CME事件期间磁云与激波阻挡宇宙射线后导致近地面垂直大气电场(Ez )减弱的情形。
Fig. 5 The schematic diagram of the modulation mechanism of cosmic ray changes on the global atmospheric circuit during the solar eruption50
(a) The structure of the global electric circuit under normal conditions; (b) Depicts the weakened vertical atmospheric electric field (Ez )resulting from the suppression of cosmic rays by the magnetic cloud and shock associated with a CME event.
图6 2015年单位大气深度内的离子对产生率空间分布2
横坐标为地磁纬度λgeom,纵坐标为以g/cm2为单位的大气深度h的常用对数,即lg(h)。在极区(高λgeom)内,由于地磁屏蔽最弱,低能宇宙射线亦可进入大气,高层(h < 50 g/cm2)直接电离贡献显著;CRII在50~100 g/cm2深度内出现峰值。
Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of the ion-pair production rate per unit atmospheric depth in 20152
The horizontal axis denotes the geomagnetic latitude λgeom, and the vertical axis denotes the common logarithm of atmospheric depth h expressed in g/cm2i.e., lg(h). In the polar region (high λgeom), due to the weakest geomagnetic shielding, low-energy cosmic rays can also enter the atmosphere, and the direct ionization contribution of high-level (h < 50 g/cm2) is significant. CRII peaks at a depth of 50~100 g/cm2.
图7 强粒子事件诱导离子化学对类地大气关键成分的垂直响应36
各子图表示“考虑离子化学—不考虑离子化学”情景下的体积分数差值。(a)H2O减少;(b)HO x 增加;(c)OH增加;(d)CH4减少;(e)NO x 增加;(f)臭氧在200~0.01 hPa呈现分层的增加或减少。
Fig. 7 The vertical response of strong-particle-events-induced ion chemistry to the key components of the Earth-like planetary atmosphere36
Each panel represents the volume fraction difference under the scenario of considering ion chemistry-not considering ion chemistry. (a) H2O reduction; (b) Increase in HO x; (c) Increase in OH; (d) CH4 reduction; (e) Increase in NO x; (f) O3 shows a layered increase or decrease at 200~0.01 hPa.
图8 2009年(宇宙射线极大年)银河宇宙射线引起地球大气年平均NO x 和臭氧变化的空间分布66
左列为SD-WACCM,右列为GSFC 2-D模式结果。(a)和(b)NO x 变化;(c)和(d)臭氧变化。
Fig. 8 Spatial distribution of the annual mean changes in NO x and ozone in Earth atmosphere induced by Galactic Cosmic RayGCRduring 2009a year of high cosmic-ray intensity66
The left column shows results from SD-WACCM, and the right column shows results from the GSFC 2-D model. (a) and (b) NO x changes; (c) and (d) O3 changes.
表1 不同模式对宇宙射线影响地球大气成分的模拟对比
Table 1 Simulation comparison of different models on the influence of cosmic ray on the Earth’s atmospheric composition
图9 19782002年基于SOCOL模式的宇宙射线对NO xHO x 和臭氧年平均纬向分布的影响18
阴影表示95%显著性。
Fig. 9 Annual zonal-mean effects of cosmic rays on NO xHO xand O3 during 1978-2002 simulated by the SOCOL model18
Shading indicates the 95% significance level.
图10 19002010年宇宙射线与70 hPa臭氧体积混合比的相关系数及其气候态78
(a)和(c)北半球和南半球的相关系数分布;(b)和(d)为臭氧响应GCR的时间滞后。
Fig. 10 The correlation coefficient between cosmic ray and 70 hPa ozone volume mixing ratio and its climatological state from 1900 to 201078
(a) and (c) The correlation patterns for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively;(b) and (d) The time lag of the O3 response to GCR.
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