地球科学进展 ›› 2024, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (12): 1243 -1261. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2024.096

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

山地云雾观测技术与研究进展
郭丽君1,2(), 王雪妮3, 段婧1,2(), 陈宝君1,2, 常祎1,2, 李圆圆4, 王羽飞5,6,7, 栾天1,2, 张小鹏8, 李军1,2, 毕凯9, 宾振10, 蔡娟10, 亓鹏1,2   
  1. 1.中国气象局人工影响天气中心,北京 100081
    2.中国气象局云降水物理与人工影响天气重点开放实验室,北京 100081
    3.中国气象局旱区特色农业气象灾害监测预警与风险管理重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750002
    4.新疆维吾尔自治区人工影响天气办公室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
    5.吉林省气象灾害防御技术中心,吉林 长春 130062
    6.中国气象局吉林云物理野外科学试验基地,吉林 长春 130062
    7.中国气象局吉林省人民政府人工影响天气联合开放实验室,吉林 长春 130062
    8.江西省庐山气象局,江西 ;九江 332900
    9.北京市人工影响天气中心,北京 100089
    10.江西省人工影响天气中心,江西 南昌 330096
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-20 修回日期:2024-11-29 出版日期:2024-12-10
  • 通讯作者: 段婧 E-mail:ljguo@cma.gov.cn;duanjing@cma.gov.cn;ljguo@cma.gov.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(42175109);国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3007601)

Progress in Cloud and Fog Observation Technology and Studies in Mountainous Regions

Lijun GUO1,2(), Xueni WANG3, Jing DUAN1,2(), Baojun CHEN1,2, Yi CHANG1,2, Yuanyuan LI4, Yufei WANG5,6,7, Tian LUAN1,2, Xiaopeng ZHANG8, Jun LI1,2, Kai BI9, Zhen BIN10, Juan CAI10, Peng QI1,2   

  1. 1.Weather Modification Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
    2.China Meteorological Administration Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Weather Modification Key Laboratory, Beijing 100081, China
    3.Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning and Risk Management of Characteristic Agriculture in Arid Regions, China Meteorological Administration, Yinchuan 750002, China
    4.Xinjiang Weather Modification Office, Urumqi 830002, China
    5.Jilin Province Technology Center for Meteorological Disaster Prevention, Changchun 130062, China
    6.Jilin Cloud Physics Field Scientific Test Base, China Meteorological Administration, Changchun 130062, China
    7.Joint Open Laboratory for Weather Modification of Jilin Provincial People’s Government, China Meteorological Administration, Changchun 130062, China
    8.Lushan Meteorological Bureau, Jiujiang Jiangxi 332900, China
    9.Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
    10.Jiangxi Weather Modification Center, Nanchang 330096, China
  • Received:2024-09-20 Revised:2024-11-29 Online:2024-12-10 Published:2025-02-19
  • Contact: Jing DUAN E-mail:ljguo@cma.gov.cn;duanjing@cma.gov.cn;ljguo@cma.gov.cn
  • About author:GUO Lijun, research areas include cloud and precipitation physics and weather modification. E-mail: ljguo@cma.gov.cn
    GUO Lijun, research areas include cloud and precipitation physics and weather modification. E-mail: ljguo@cma.gov.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42175109);The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3007601)

利用山地地形条件,可以对气溶胶—云—降水开展连续的梯度观测,获取云内垂直方向上气溶胶—云—降水分布特征,因此山地云雾观测是研究云降水形成机制的有效观测手段。梳理了近1个世纪以来山地云雾观测技术发展状况,总结了国内外的山地云雾观测研究成果。云滴采样技术经历了碰撞采样法、激光散射法和云粒子成像技术3个阶段。激光散射技术由于其稳定的观测性能是目前主要的直接观测手段,云粒子全息成像技术由于其保持了云雾真实环境和粒子形态特征等优势而受到关注和发展。欧洲是国际上较早开展山地气象观测的地区;我国从20世纪50年代开始山地云雾观测,由此开启了我国云降水物理研究的进程。发展至今,我国山地云物理观测站已涵盖我国的几个主要典型气候带,获取了气溶胶、云凝结核、大气冰核以及多类云的微物理特征,提高了对暖云和混合云形成机制的认知。对比国内外观测结果表明:在云物理特征方面,云滴数浓度主要范围为106~500 cm-3,液态水含量主要范围为0.01~0.3 g/m3,云滴数浓度和液态水含量随观测海拔高度略有增加。在不同季风天气影响下,虽然我国庐山和印度西高止山云物理观测站具有相近的观测高度,但庐山观测的平均云滴数浓度和液态水含量比印度西高止山低45 cm-3和0.05 g/m3。因此云微物理参数同时受到观测海拔高度和不同地域气候特征的影响。从机理研究上,由于欧美山地观测站海拔较高,重点围绕大气冰核和混合云特征,揭示了影响凇附和贝吉隆过程的影响因子(如过冷云滴、上升速度)的作用,以及山地特有的吹雪微物理机制。暖云的山地观测验证了碰并、湍流和夹卷等过程,尤其中尺度云滴和第二峰值对降水形成有重要作用,山地常见的毛毛雨与凝结核、弱上升气流、湍流以及高湿环境密切相关。我国云物理观测站接近边界层顶及以下位置,早期山地云雾观测获取了对暖云微物理和环境参量的起伏特征,尤其促进了对中尺度云滴产生尤为重要的碰并过程,因此对暖云起伏理论的发展作出了突出贡献。最后,对山地云雾观测研究提出了展望和建议。

Continuous vertical gradient observations of aerosols, clouds and precipitation in mountainous terrain provide critical insights into their distribution characteristics in vertical direction. Mountain cloud observation is thus an effective way for studying the formation mechanism of cloud and precipitation. This article reviews the development and current status of mountain clouds and fog observation technology over the past century, and summarizes the domestic and international research results of mountain clouds and fog observation. Cloud droplet sampling technology has evolved through three main stages: collision sampling, laser scattering, and cloud particle imaging. Currently, laser scattering technology is the primary method for cloud particle measurement due to its reliability, meanwhile cloud particle holographic imaging technology has advanced significantly owing to its capacity to preserve particles’ natural morphology and ambient conditions. Europe pioneered in meteorological observations in mountainous regions. In China, the mountain clouds and fog observation began in the 1950s, promoting the physical study of clouds and precipitation. Over the decades, mountain cloud physical observation stations in China have covered several typical climate zones. The physical characteristics of aerosols, cloud condensation nucleus, atmospheric ice nucleating particles and clouds were obtained, meanwhile the formation mechanisms for warm and mixed-phase clouds were investigated. A comparison of global mountainous observations reveals that the cloud droplet number concentration typically ranges from 106 to 500 cm-3, and the liquid water content typically ranges from 0.01 to 0.3 g/m3. Both parameters exhibit slight increases with altitude. Despite similar observation heights, the mean cloud droplet number concentration and liquid water content observed on Mount Lu were 45 cm-3 and 0.05 g/m3 lower, respectively, than those observed on the Western Ghats of India, primarily due to monsoonal differences. Thus, cloud microphysical parameters are influenced by both regional climate and observation altitude. In terms of cloud formation mechanism, the research in European and American has focused on the characteristics of atmospheric ice nucleating particles and formation mechanism of mixed phase cloud due to high-altitude of observation stations, highlighting the important effects of factors (supercooled droplets and updrafts) on rimming and Bergeron processes as well as blowing snow mechanism. Warm clouds observation in mountainous areas have confirmed key processes, including collision, turbulence, and entrainment, as well as the vital roles of mid-sized cloud droplets and secondary peaks on precipitation formation. Frequent drizzle in mountain regions is closely associated with cloud condensation nucleus, ice nucleus, weak updraft, turbulence and high-humidity conditions. In contrast, China’s cloud physics observation stations are located near the top of the boundary layer and below the boundary layer, so early mountain cloud and fog observations in China captured fluctuations in warm cloud microphysics and environmental parameters, which accelerated the collision-coalescence processes critical for the generation of mid-sized cloud droplets. So early mountain cloud observations have significantly contributed to advancing warm cloud fluctuations theories. Finally, prospects and suggestions are proposed for the cloud observation technologies and studies in mountainous regions.

中图分类号: 

表1 山地云物理观测站/试验基地/试验示范区详情
Table 1 Details of high-altitude cloud physics observation stationsexperimental bases and demonstration zones
试验区及基地名称站点数量/个主要站点情况
站名经纬度海拔高度/m观测设备及能力
庐山云雾物理综合试验基地6庐山云雾站29.57°N, 115.97°E1 080雾滴谱、雨滴谱仪、能见度仪、云高仪、雨量筒、自动气象站、雾水采集器、微波辐射计、气溶胶粒径谱仪、二维视频雨滴谱仪和微雨雷达
庐山气象局29.57°N, 115.98°E1 165云粒子成像系统、二维视频雨滴谱仪、气溶胶粒径谱仪、扫描电迁移率颗粒径谱仪、云凝结核计数器、进气采样系统、通量观测系统、雨滴谱仪和结冰传感器
仰天坪29.32°N, 115.57°E1 361雾滴谱仪、雨滴谱仪、能见度仪、自动站、微雨雷达、业务天气雷达、通量观测系统、颗粒物仪、云凝结核仪、冰核采样器和扫描电迁移粒径谱仪
小天池29.58°N, 115.99°E1 127通量观测系统
庐山市气象局29.45°N, 116.03°E37毫米波云雷达、拉曼激光雷达、多通道微波辐射计、二维视频雨滴谱仪、微雨雷达(增强型)、雨滴谱仪、云高仪、全天空成像仪、通量观测系统和辐射观测系统
柴桑区气象局29.62°N, 115.90°E63多通道微波辐射计、微雨雷达和云高仪
黄山云雾观测试验示范区3汤口30.063°N, 118.178°E450微波辐射计、雾滴谱仪、空气环境检测仪、能见度仪、宽范围粒径谱仪、云凝结核计数器、冰核采样器和雨滴谱仪
云谷寺30.126°N, 118.199°E890宽范围粒径谱仪、冰核采样器、云凝结核计数器、空气环境检测仪、能见度仪、雾滴谱仪和雨滴谱仪
光明顶30.138°N, 118.175°E1 840宽范围粒径谱仪、云凝结核计数器、冰核采样器、雨滴谱仪和空气环境检测仪
海坨山区云雾降水综合观测站1闫家坪40.51°N, 115.73°E1 344移动毫米波雷达、移动边界层风廓线雷达、二维雨滴谱仪、太阳辐射系统、多通道微波辐射计、激光雷达、雾滴谱仪、云高仪、云凝结核计数器、雨滴谱仪、微雨雷达、气象自动观测系统、PM2.5观测仪、能见度自动观测设备、能见度仪、新型自动站、全要素气象站、黑碳仪AE-33、扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪、全天空成像仪、气溶胶质谱仪、比格冰核技术器、在线连续流量扩散云室冰核观测仪、离线式冰核采样与分析系统和在线连续量膨胀云室冰核观测仪
吉林云物理野外科学试验基地观测试验区1靖宇县国家气象观测基准站42.39°N, 126.81°E500重力波仪、微波辐射计、雨滴谱仪、云凝结核计数器、雾滴谱仪、大气电场仪、微雨雷达、Ka波段全固态测云仪和扫描电迁移粒径谱仪
六盘山地形云野外科学试验基地4六盘山气象站35.67°N, 106.20°E2 842雾滴谱仪、微波辐射计、微雨雷达、雨滴谱仪、Ka波段云雷达、激光云高仪、二维视频雨滴谱仪、气象站和GNSS/MET站
泾源县气象观测站35.5°N, 106.32°E1 949雾滴谱仪、雨滴谱仪、Ka波段云雷达和激光云高仪
隆德县气象观测站35.61°N, 106.11°E2 053微雨雷达、微波辐射计、雨滴谱仪、Ka波段云雷达、激光云高仪、风廓线雷达和GNSS/MET站
泾源大湾人工影响天气标准化作业点35.42°N, 106.15°E2 053微雨雷达、雨滴谱仪、Ka波段云雷达、激光云高仪和风廓线雷达
中国气象局秦岭气溶胶与云微物理野外科学试验基地4秦岭华山云微物理观测站34.08°N, 108.88°E1 200具有气溶胶—云降水观测能力
大气边界层顶生态环境上黄观测站(大毛尖山)1上黄观测站28.58°N, 119.51°E1 113CO2/CH4/H2O/CO分析仪、氮氧化物和氧化硫分析仪、CO/O/氨分析仪、PM2.5分析仪、PM10分析仪、自动气象站、风廓线雷达、全自动太阳光度计、多波长浊度仪和大气颗粒物激光雷达等
图1 国内外山地云雾的平均数浓度和液态水含量(数据来自参考文献[1276121-128]以及观测试验)
Fig. 1 Mean cloud droplet number concentrationNdand Liquid Water ContentLWCobserved on the moutains all over the worlddata from experiments and cited from references1276121-128])
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