岩石热物理性质的研究进展及发展趋势

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.10.1072

岩石热物理性质的基础研究大致经历了4个阶段,已广泛应用于岩石圈热结构、沉积盆地热演化史、岩土工程、地热等领域,近年来在油气领域的科学问题上备受关注。在归纳总结岩石热物理性质当前研究进展的基础上,对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。热导率是表征岩石热物理性质最重要的参数,其获取方法以室内实验室测量为主,测量方法有稳态法和非稳态法两大类。此外还发展了一些基于圆柱形热源探管、圆盘形热源探管、球形热源探管的原位点测方法和基于数理统计的预测方法和模型。学者们通过大量实验探讨了岩石热导率参数与其他物理性质之间的内在关系,并以火山岩、碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩等常见岩石实验结果验证其存在的一般规律。研究表明岩石的热导率受多种因素影响,岩石学特征是其中最重要的因素,孔隙度、含流体性质、声学特性也与之密切相关,同时会受到温度、压力、各向异性的影响。纵观岩石热物理性质的研究现状,认为在油气领域有以下发展趋势:首先,页岩气作为目前油气勘探的热点,其形成机理和成藏过程受页岩热物理性质的控制,但页岩热导率与有机孔、有机碳含量、含气量、可压裂特征间的关系还未可知,因此探索含气页岩的热物理性质是一大研究方向。其次,大数据研究是大势所趋,尽管岩石热学参数的数据库在不断扩大,但要想得到准确的岩石原位热导率大数据库,在井中完成热导率原位连续测量则是最好的方法。因此发展基于岩石热物理性质的测井方法原理和仪器研究是另一大发展趋势。

关键词: 热物理性质, 热导率, 影响因素, 页岩气, 原位连续测量

The fundamental researches about thermal physical properties of rocks have much concern in oil and gas field. They go through four stages and are applied in thermal structure of lithosphere, thermal evolution of sedimentary basins, geotechnical engineering and geothermal area. This article summarized the current research progress on the basis of thermal physical properties of rocks and proposed the development of tendency for the future. Moreover, some cylindrical heat pipe, disc heat pipe, spherical heat pipe based on in-situ measurement method and prediction model based on mathematical statistics have been developed. The scholars discuss the internal relation between thermal conductivity parameter of rocks and other physical properties by a large number of experiments. The researches show that the thermal conductivity of rocks is affected by many factors, and the petrologic characteristic is the most important factor. The porosity of rocks, filled fluid properties, acoustic characteristics are also related to thermal conductivity, which is affected by temperature, pressure and anisotropy. In consideration of the study of thermal physical properties of rocks, we proposed the following tendency for the future. First of all, shale gas is regarded as a hot spot in oil-gas exploration and the formation mechanism and the formation of shale gas reservoir are under the control of thermal physical properties of shale gas, but the relationship among thermal conductivity and organic porous, organic carbon content, gas content, fractured characteristics remains unknown. Therefore, exploring the thermal physical properties of gas-bearing shale is an important research direction in oil and gas field. Secondly, the study of big data represents the general trend. Though the database of rocks thermal parameter is continually expanding, measuring in-situ thermal conductivity continuously in well is the best method to get the accurate in-situ thermal conductivity of rocks. Hence, the development of logging method principle and logging instruments based on thermal physical properties of rocks is a necessary trend for the future.

Key words: Thermal physical properties, Thermal conductivity, Influence factor, Shale gas, Continuous in-situ measurement.

中图分类号:

P584

表1 室内实验室热导率测试方法及仪器列表

Table 1 The list of thermal conductivity test methods and tools in laboratory

分类	测试方法	代表性仪器	优点	缺点	适用性	误差范围/%	参考文献
稳态法	纵向热流法	DRX-I-JH型直流通电纵向热流法导热仪	使用广泛	接触热阻和热量损失可能导致误差较大	适用于中低导热系数材料	5	[26]
	径向热流法	地热-I型稳定平板式岩石导热仪	使用广泛	存在热线电阻随温度升高而变,温度对导热系数变化的影响难以确定		4	[27]
	保护热板法 (GHP)	德国耐驰公司GHP 456 双试件平板法导热仪(Guarded Hot Plate thermal conductivity measuring method)	测量精度高	测试用时较长		<2	[28]
	分棒法	地热-II型稳定分棒式岩石热导仪	测量精度高	耗时,要求岩心规则,不能同时确定热导率和热扩散率	不适合裂缝性或胶结较差的岩石	<2	[29]
非稳态法	差示扫描量热法	美国Du Pont-9900型差示扫描量热仪;Perkin Elmer公司的差示扫描量热仪, DSC	自动化程度高、分析速度快	样品用量较少,均匀性较差的岩样取样代表性风险高	适用于经烘干后的粉末状样品	<5	[30]
	光学扫描	Burkhardt H等开发的一种光学装置(TCS)	无接触、无损坏、高精确度	光学扫描深度较浅,一般限于岩样表层,最大3 cm左右	岩样要求不高,可测量完整岩心、岩心碎块	1.5	[31]
	瞬态平面热源技术 (TPS)	法瑞典凯公司TPS2500S型导热仪和赛塔拉姆公司Mathis TCi^TM导热仪;德国NETZSCH公司LFA-447 Nanoflash导热仪(Transient Plane Source method)	用时短,测量范围广;不受接触热阻影响	要求样品表面平整,会因表面接触不良而降低精度	适用于各类材料	<5	[32,33]
	热线法	美国Prics公司生产的TC Probetm热导仪	测量液体效果好	温度的影响难以确定;测试固体时保持良好接触难	适用于液体材料	4~5	[34,35]
	热丝法	DRX-Ⅰ/Ⅱ导热系数测定仪HA-Ⅱ比热测定仪	应用广泛	端部效应会降低测量精度	适用于各类材料	<2	[36]
	激光脉冲法	SX-10-12G型箱式电阻炉及德国耐驰FA427激光导热仪	快速、测试范围宽	只能得出热扩散系数,导热系数需要通过计算获取	不适用于聚合物等热扩散系数较小的材料	2	[37,38]
	热探针法	HY-1型非稳态环形热源—微型探针岩石热导仪	用时短	相对误差较大	适合工程快速测量松散粉末、颗粒材料等	2~3	[39]
	闪光法	FLASHLINE5000型激光热扩散系数仪	用时短,精度高	温升—时间关系图上会出现脉冲尖峰	适用于高导热材料与小体积样品	2	[40]

表1 室内实验室热导率测试方法及仪器列表

Table 1 The list of thermal conductivity test methods and tools in laboratory

分类	测试方法	代表性仪器	优点	缺点	适用性	误差范围/%	参考文献
稳态法	纵向热流法	DRX-I-JH型直流通电纵向热流法导热仪	使用广泛	接触热阻和热量损失可能导致误差较大	适用于中低导热系数材料	5	[26]
	径向热流法	地热-I型稳定平板式岩石导热仪	使用广泛	存在热线电阻随温度升高而变,温度对导热系数变化的影响难以确定		4	[27]
	保护热板法 (GHP)	德国耐驰公司GHP 456 双试件平板法导热仪(Guarded Hot Plate thermal conductivity measuring method)	测量精度高	测试用时较长		<2	[28]
	分棒法	地热-II型稳定分棒式岩石热导仪	测量精度高	耗时,要求岩心规则,不能同时确定热导率和热扩散率	不适合裂缝性或胶结较差的岩石	<2	[29]
非稳态法	差示扫描量热法	美国Du Pont-9900型差示扫描量热仪;Perkin Elmer公司的差示扫描量热仪, DSC	自动化程度高、分析速度快	样品用量较少,均匀性较差的岩样取样代表性风险高	适用于经烘干后的粉末状样品	<5	[30]
	光学扫描	Burkhardt H等开发的一种光学装置(TCS)	无接触、无损坏、高精确度	光学扫描深度较浅,一般限于岩样表层,最大3 cm左右	岩样要求不高,可测量完整岩心、岩心碎块	1.5	[31]
	瞬态平面热源技术 (TPS)	法瑞典凯公司TPS2500S型导热仪和赛塔拉姆公司Mathis TCi^TM导热仪;德国NETZSCH公司LFA-447 Nanoflash导热仪(Transient Plane Source method)	用时短,测量范围广;不受接触热阻影响	要求样品表面平整,会因表面接触不良而降低精度	适用于各类材料	<5	[32,33]
	热线法	美国Prics公司生产的TC Probetm热导仪	测量液体效果好	温度的影响难以确定;测试固体时保持良好接触难	适用于液体材料	4~5	[34,35]
	热丝法	DRX-Ⅰ/Ⅱ导热系数测定仪HA-Ⅱ比热测定仪	应用广泛	端部效应会降低测量精度	适用于各类材料	<2	[36]
	激光脉冲法	SX-10-12G型箱式电阻炉及德国耐驰FA427激光导热仪	快速、测试范围宽	只能得出热扩散系数,导热系数需要通过计算获取	不适用于聚合物等热扩散系数较小的材料	2	[37,38]
	热探针法	HY-1型非稳态环形热源—微型探针岩石热导仪	用时短	相对误差较大	适合工程快速测量松散粉末、颗粒材料等	2~3	[39]
	闪光法	FLASHLINE5000型激光热扩散系数仪	用时短,精度高	温升—时间关系图上会出现脉冲尖峰	适用于高导热材料与小体积样品	2	[40]

图1 基本造岩矿物的热导率和岩石类型的关系(据参考文献[50]修改)
(a)变质岩和侵入岩;(b)火山岩和沉积岩

Fig.1 Thermal conductivity of basic rock-forming minerals and compositional relation with rock type (modified after reference[50])
(a) Metamorphic and plutonic rocks;(b) Volcanic and sedimentary rocks

图2 实测岩石干密度与热导率关系图

Fig.2 Thermal conductivity versus density

图3 实测岩石孔隙度与热导率关系图

Fig.3 Thermal conductivity versus porosity

图4 饱和油和气状态下的热导率关系图

Fig.4 Thermal conductivity on the condition of saturated oil and gas

图5 风干和饱和水状态下的热导率关系图

Fig.5 Thermal conductivity on the condition of dry and saturated water

图6 岩石热导率随温度的变化规律

Fig.6 Thermal conductivity versus temperature

图7 岩石热导率随压力的变化规律

Fig.7 Thermal conductivity versus pressure

图8 纵波与热导率的关系(据参考文献[61]修改)

Fig.8 Thermal conductivity versus P-wave velocity (modified after reference[61])

表2 热导率计算模型

Table 2 Models for calculating the thermal conductivity

序号	模型	参考文献
1	$λ λ f$ = $2 ϕ + (3 - 2 ϕ) (λ s / λ f) 3 - ϕ + ϕ (λ s / λ f)$ ,麦斯威尔模型(1904)	[65]
2	λ=λ_s $1 + 2 ϕε 1 - ϕε$ ,ε= $1 - Q 2 Q + 1$ ,Q=λ_s/λ_f,麦斯威尔第一修正模型(1932)	[66]
3	λ=(1-A)λ_s,A= $2 n 2 n - 1 1 - (1 + ϕ) - n$ ,(1961)	[67]
5	λ/λ_s=(1-ϕ)exp $- n / (1 - ϕ)$ ,(1971)	[68]
6	λ=λ_s(1-ϕ)³^/²,(1980)	[69]
7	λ=λ₁ $1 + 2 ϕ β 1 - 2 (1 - ϕ) ζ 2 β 12 1 - β 1 ϕ - 2 (1 - ϕ) ζ 2 β 12$ ,(1987)	[70]
8	λ=λ_s $1 - ξϕ 1 + aξϕ$ ,ξ= $1 - (λ s / λ f) 1 + a (λ s / λ f)$ ,修正的维纳混合模型(1998)	[71]
9	$λ (0) = 0.54 λ (25) + 12 1.16 [λ (25)] 2 - 0.39 λ 25, λ (T) = λ 0 0.99 + T [a - b / λ (0)], a = 0.0034 ± 0.0006, b = 0.0039 ± 0.0014$ (2003)	[72]
10	λ_max=ϕλ_f+(1-ϕ)λ_s,算术平均数模型(2006)	[73]
11	λ= $In (t 2 / t 1) (t 1 - t h) (t 2 - t h) T (t 2) - T (t 1)$ ,(2009)	[34]
12	λ= $In (t 2) - In (t 1) T E (t 2) - T E (t 1)$ ,(2012)	[74]
13	λ= $a + A λ b + B λ c (a λa) + A + B$ ,A= $3 β 2 λ a + λ b$ ,B= $3 γ 2 λ a + λ c$ , 改进的Maxwell模型(2014)	[75]

表2 热导率计算模型

Table 2 Models for calculating the thermal conductivity

序号	模型	参考文献
1	$λ λ f$ = $2 ϕ + (3 - 2 ϕ) (λ s / λ f) 3 - ϕ + ϕ (λ s / λ f)$ ,麦斯威尔模型(1904)	[65]
2	λ=λ_s $1 + 2 ϕε 1 - ϕε$ ,ε= $1 - Q 2 Q + 1$ ,Q=λ_s/λ_f,麦斯威尔第一修正模型(1932)	[66]
3	λ=(1-A)λ_s,A= $2 n 2 n - 1 1 - (1 + ϕ) - n$ ,(1961)	[67]
5	λ/λ_s=(1-ϕ)exp $- n / (1 - ϕ)$ ,(1971)	[68]
6	λ=λ_s(1-ϕ)³^/²,(1980)	[69]
7	λ=λ₁ $1 + 2 ϕ β 1 - 2 (1 - ϕ) ζ 2 β 12 1 - β 1 ϕ - 2 (1 - ϕ) ζ 2 β 12$ ,(1987)	[70]
8	λ=λ_s $1 - ξϕ 1 + aξϕ$ ,ξ= $1 - (λ s / λ f) 1 + a (λ s / λ f)$ ,修正的维纳混合模型(1998)	[71]
9	$λ (0) = 0.54 λ (25) + 12 1.16 [λ (25)] 2 - 0.39 λ 25, λ (T) = λ 0 0.99 + T [a - b / λ (0)], a = 0.0034 ± 0.0006, b = 0.0039 ± 0.0014$ (2003)	[72]
10	λ_max=ϕλ_f+(1-ϕ)λ_s,算术平均数模型(2006)	[73]
11	λ= $In (t 2 / t 1) (t 1 - t h) (t 2 - t h) T (t 2) - T (t 1)$ ,(2009)	[34]
12	λ= $In (t 2) - In (t 1) T E (t 2) - T E (t 1)$ ,(2012)	[74]
13	λ= $a + A λ b + B λ c (a λa) + A + B$ ,A= $3 β 2 λ a + λ b$ ,B= $3 γ 2 λ a + λ c$ , 改进的Maxwell模型(2014)	[75]

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Research Progress and Development Tendency About Thermal Physical Properties of Rocks