页岩纳米孔隙研究新进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.11.1242

随着页岩油气勘探的兴起及近年来北美地区页岩油气开发取得的巨大成功, 含气页岩储层的孔隙研究受到越来越多的重视。页岩储层不同于常规储层, 其以纳米孔隙为主, 无法用常规储层孔隙研究方法进行表征和评价。对目前国内外含气页岩孔隙分类及孔隙表征方法进行了综述, 从定性及定量的角度对表征方法进行归类和总结, 指出了各类方法的优缺点及应用范围。定性表征方法主要是利用聚焦离子束扫描电子显微镜、高分辨率的场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、宽离子束扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜等电子显微成像分析技术及Nano-CT技术等直观描述页岩孔隙的几何形态、连通性和充填情况等;定量表征方法是利用气体吸附法、压汞实验、小角散射及核磁共振等技术定量分析页岩孔径大小及分布、比表面积等。进一步探讨了含气页岩纳米孔隙发育演化的控制因素以及纳米孔隙对页岩气聚集的影响。展望未来, 在页岩纳米孔隙结构表征技术方面, 应不断提高实验精度和效率, 定性与定量表征相结合, 改进三维成像技术;在页岩纳米孔隙储层评价研究方面, 纳米孔隙发育演化的控制因素、纳米孔隙储层的储气及产气能力、陆相非均质页岩纳米孔隙的表征与评价是关注的重点领域。

关键词: 页岩, 孔隙分类, 表征方法, 发育演化, 页岩气聚集

With the rise of shale oil and gas exploration and great success of North American shale oil and gas development in recent years, the study of gas shale reservoir pores gets more and more attention. The pore diameters of shale reservoirs are mainly in nano-scale which are different from conventional reservoirs, and they can not be evaluated by conventional methods. On the basis of the research on the classification of shale pore types and nanopore characterization techniques, qualitative and quantitative nanopore characterization methods were classified and summarized. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods as well as application scopes were summarized. Qualitative characterization methods can obtain the morphologic information, connectivity and filling conditions of shale pores directly by focused ion beam milling scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, broad ion beam scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and Nano-CT. Quantitative characterization methods can measure pore diameters, pore distribution and specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption experiments, carbon dioxide adsorption experiments, mercury injection experiments, small-angle neutron scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The factors that control nanopore developments and the effects of nanopore on shale gas accumulation were discussed. The nanopore developments are related to total organic carbon content, clay minerals content, carbonate content and thermal maturity. Nanopores have influences on shale gas storage capacity, occurrences of shale gas and seepage mechanisms. Frontier research and development directions were proposed. In the aspect of nanopore characterization techniques of shales, the accuracy and efficiency of the experiments and threedimensional imaging technology should be improved constantly. Qualitative and quantitative characterization techniques should be combined. As to the evaluation of shale nanopore reservoirs, the factors that control nanopore developments, shale gas storing and producing and nanopores characterization and evaluation of continental heterogeneous shale are the key issues for further research.

Key words: Shale, Pore classification, Characterization methods, Developmental evolution, Shale gas gathering.

中图分类号:

P618.12

图1 表征纳米孔隙研究方法的应用范围 ^{[

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Fig.2 Utility of various methodologies in common use for investing porous materials ^{[

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图2 利用FE-SEM观察Woodford页岩样品 ^{[

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Fig.2 Field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) images of the Woodford sample ^{[

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]}

图3 利用FIB-SEM背散射电子图像重构Horn River页岩样品三维图 ^{[

25
]} (a)三维立体图;(b)干酪根;(c)孔隙;(d)黄铁矿

Fig.3 Reconstruction of the Horn River sample from 500 sequential backscattered electron images showing ^{[

25
]} (a)A three-dimensional solid; (b) Kerogen; (c)Pores; (d) Pyrite

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摘要

Research Progress in Shale Nanopores