煤中微量元素研究进展

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2002.01.0053

煤炭是我国的主要能源，在煤炭开采、运输、洗选、淋溶（滤）、燃烧等其它加工利用过程中，煤中的微量元素要发生迁移、析出，并入侵到大气、水、土壤和生态环境中，最终影响人类生存和生活环境。煤中微量元素十分重要，是因为它们与环境问题、动、植物及人类健康密切相关。在研究微量元素时必须考虑微量元素的性质及毒性，它们主要依靠其含量、种类、存在形式、pH值、氧化-还原条件及其它因素。在全面综合国内外研究文献的基础上，分析了煤中微量元素的发现、分布规律、赋存状态、成因机理及微量元素的应用等方面研究的历史、现状，并对今后研究的重点内容和发展方向进行了较为详细的论述和分析，并指出在进一步深入研究煤中微量元素地球化学的基础上，加强微量元素环境学方面的研究是今后煤中微量元素环境地球化学研究的重要内容。

关键词: 微量元素, 煤, 环境地球化学

Most of energy consumed in China, now and in the near future, is coal. China is the largest coal producer and consumer in the world. In China coal accounts for 75% of the total consumption of primary energy , It is estimated that coal will take about 67% in the primary energy in 2020, dropping from the present 76%. However, the total consumed coal will be increased to 2.3 billion tons from 1.2 billion tons per year at present. The capacity of the coalfired power plants is 93% in the total thermal power plants. Increased coal consumption in large coal fired power plants and cities implies increased thermal pollution, particulate release (smog), sulfur emission, acid rain, greenhouse effect and hazardous trace elements emission.
When coals are mined and stored, most of hazardous trace elements in coal will be leached out and enter into water, soil environments . During beneficiation and the reduction in traceelement levels in the clean coal, there is an associated increase in traceelement contents in the reject material and washery water. The disposal of these washery rejects must be undertaken carefully because their increased contents of pyrite and others hazardous trace elements are a potential source of acidic solutions that could contaminate local waters with increased concentrations of trace elements.
During coal burning, the trace elements in coal will move or transform into following aspects: the first is that they volatilize out into air with smoking in forms of gas; the second is that they consist in fly ash or powder dust and other little matters and get into the air in forms of solid granule ; the third is that parts of them still reserve in coalashes . So when coal is used as fuel , not only do COx , NOx and SOx give out into atmosphere and form acid rain , but also do many hazardous trace elements volatile out in the forms of aerosols and gaseous products of smoke and fine particles and migrate in air , at last they will get into soil and water under function of rainfall . Most of hazardous trace elements will be volatilized out from coal (coal gangue and ashes) when coal is burnt. They will volatile into atmosphere in the forms of gas, aerosols and fine particles and into water with leaching solution , and recycle among air, water, soil and the living , at last, they do harm to human health. 
Trace elements in coal are important because of their association with environmental issues and the health of plants, animals and humankind. Consideration must be given to essentiality, nonessentiality and toxicity that depend on concentrations, the form of the element, pH and oxidationreduction conditions and other factors. During process of coal formation, which began from plants growing to peat swamp and to types of coal rank, there were many factors of influence upon migration and concentration of minor elements. The factors mainly include plant types , chemical conditions, climate conditions , sea water aggression, magma hydrotherm fluid effect during coalification and matter exchange between coal and rocks of roof and floor. So the formation and concentration of minor elements in coal is the systhesizal results of many geological factors during coalification stages. The modes of occurrences of trace elements in coals control toxicity and giving off degree of difficulty of trace elements during coal utilizing and processing. It is very important to study on modes of occurrences of trace elements in coals for detail evaluating artistic characters, affecting environment, regarding as productions and using in geology. In this paper, on the basis of the research on data in the world, the history and developments of the study on the found, occurrence, formation of trace elements in coal are analyzed in detail. The important content and direction is environmental geochemistry in the future.

Key words: Environmental geochemistry., Trace elements, Coal

中图分类号:

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STUDY ON TRACE ELEMENTS IN COAL