地球科学进展

地球科学进展 ›› 2016, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (12): 1235 -1246. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.12.1235

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露天煤矿区受损土地景观重塑与再造的研究进展
张莉 1( ), 王金满 1, 2,,A; *( ), 刘涛 1   
  1. 1.中国地质大学(北京)土地科学技术学院,北京 100083
    2.国土资源部土地整治重点实验室,北京 100085
  • 收稿日期:2016-08-25 修回日期:2016-10-31 出版日期:2016-12-20
  • 通讯作者: 王金满 E-mail:18813033581@163.com;wangjinman2002@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目“ 基于多重分形理论的黄土区大型露天煤矿排土场土壤重构机理与调控模式”(编号:41271528)资助

Landscape Reconstruction and Recreation of Damaged Land in Opencast Coal Mine: A Review

Li Zhang 1( ), Jinman Wang 1, 2, *( ), Tao Liu 1   

  1. 1.College of Land Science and Technology,China University of Geosciences (Beijing),Beijing 100083, China
    2.Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Ministry of Land and Resources,Beijing 100035,China
  • Received:2016-08-25 Revised:2016-10-31 Online:2016-12-20 Published:2016-12-20
  • Contact: Jinman Wang E-mail:18813033581@163.com;wangjinman2002@163.com
  • About author:

    First author:Zhang Li(1993-),female,Chifeng City,Inner Mongolia,Master student. Research areas include land remediation and ecological restoration.E-mail:18813033581@163.com

  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Mechanism and regulation model of soil reconstruction in the dump of large scale opencast coal mine in Loess area based with multi fractal theory”(No.41271528)
全文 ( 14 ) 下载PDF ( 1361 )

露天煤炭的开采过程造成了对土地的挖损、占用,重型机械的参与导致土壤受到严重压实,致使地表植被难以正常生长,加大水土流失发生频率,使矿区土地景观受到损坏。因此,开展矿区受损土地景观的重塑与再造,恢复已受损的土地已成为土地复垦和生态恢复领域未来发展的关键。针对露天矿区土地景观受损特点,总结了遥感、GPS RTK、无人机、三维激光扫描等国内外相关领域获取受损土地景观信息的技术方法,分形及景观指数法等受损土地表征方法,并归纳了景观生态学、微地形和仿自然地貌等土地景观重塑与再造理论,发现在进行露天矿区土地景观获取与表征中缺乏无人机、三维激光扫描新型景观获取技术和分形等表征方法的深入应用,指出今后研究还需在获取景观数据等技术方面进行加强,注重分形参数与受损景观表征意义的深入探讨,继续探究创建景观生态学、微地形等多种重塑再造理论相互融合下的矿区受损土地景观规划技术体系,以期为露天矿区受损土地景观重塑与再造提供理论指导和科学依据。

关键词: 露天煤矿, 土地景观, 受损土地, 景观重塑, 景观再造

Land resources in opencast coal mine are excavated and occupied during the process of mining. Severe soil compaction resulted from heavy machinery lead to a series of consequences: vegetation cannot grow normally, loss of soil and water take place constantly, and landscape is damaged. Therefore, for the future development of reclamation and ecological restoration in opencast coal mine, it has become one major task to carry out the reconstruction of damaged landscape. According to the damage characteristics of land landscape in mining area, this paper summarized the data acquisition methods of damaged land landscape in this field, including remote sensing, GPS RTK, UAV, 3D laser scanning. Fractal and landscape index methods reflecting landscape were also reviewed. Besides, landscape remodeling and reconstruction theories were concluded, which include landscape ecology, microtopography and imitated-nature landform. Base on the above mentioned, it was found out that the UAV, 3D laser scanning technologies and fractal characterization method were rarely applied. In order to provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis for improving the effect of damaged landscape reconstruction and recreation in opencast coal mine, future research should be targeted on strengthening technology, deepening the fractal theory, creating landscape planning and technology system of damaged land.

Key words: Opencast coal mine, Land landscape, Damaged land, Landscape reconstruction, Landscape recreation.

中图分类号: 

图1 典型露天煤矿受损地貌^(a)山西省平朔安太堡露天煤矿;(b)内蒙古胜利一号露天煤矿
Fig.1 Typical damaged landform^ (a)Antaibao opencast coal mine in Shanxi Province; (b)Shengli 1 opencast coal mine in Inner Mongolia
表1 露天煤矿区受损土地景观获取技术对比
Table 1 Comparison in the acquisition technologies of land landscape in the opencast coal mine area
技术类型 优点 应用进展 参考文献
遥感 快速、准确、高效、全局性 矿区土地利用类型、压占土地景观、受损状况信息获取,受损土地模拟预测以及矿区地貌时空尺度观测 [18~26]
GPS RTK 灵活、高精度、误差小、易操作 矿区地形测绘、边坡变形、位移和沉降监测,建立控制网 [27~31]
无人机 多视角、灵活、高分辨率、成本低 矿区信息多尺度获取与地形三维重建,以及复杂地貌信息获取 [32~39]
三维激光扫描技术 高密度、高精度、数字化、全方位 矿区地形、坡度、边坡变化、空间信息获取 [40~43]
表2 露天煤矿区土地景观重塑与再造理论对比
Table 2 Comparison in the reconstruction and recreation theories of land landscape in the opencast coal mine area
理论名称 观点 应用进展 参考文献
景观生态学理论 将矿区景观视作生态系统,修复生态系统结构,提高生态系统功能 废弃地重建理论拓展,矿区景观格局重构、土地复垦与生态重建、景观规划设计研究 [64~74]
微地形塑造理论 通过合理构建矿区微地形结构改善水分运移、土壤以及植被状况 矿区微地形与侵蚀、水土流失机制,微地形与植被恢复响应关系、微地形与土壤质量提高的研究 [75~88]
仿自然地貌理论 仿照研究区原有地貌进行景观重建,与周围生态系统相协调 矿区景观格局重构、排土场、边坡、平台仿自然地貌重建设计与布局 [1,24,
89~92]
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