地球科学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 40 -48. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2026.002

研究论文 上一篇    下一篇

梅雨极端化的表征和预测
胡琳曼1,2(), 宋晓蕾1,2, 尹志聪1,2()   
  1. 1.南京信息工程大学 气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/ 气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,江苏 南京 210044
    2.南京信息工程大学 大气科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-24 修回日期:2025-12-10 出版日期:2026-01-10
  • 通讯作者: 尹志聪 E-mail:hulinman@niust.edu.cn;hulinman@nuist.edu.cn;yinzhc@nuist.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(U25A20785)

Characterization and Prediction of the Deviation Degree of Misty Rain

Linman Hu1,2(), Xiaolei Song1,2, Zhicong Yin1,2()   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
    2.School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • Received:2025-10-24 Revised:2025-12-10 Online:2026-01-10 Published:2026-03-10
  • Contact: Zhicong Yin E-mail:hulinman@niust.edu.cn;hulinman@nuist.edu.cn;yinzhc@nuist.edu.cn
  • About author:Hu Linman, research areas include prediction of Meiyu extreme events. E-mail:hulinman@niust.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U25A20785)

近年来,梅雨期降水愈发偏离其绵绵细雨的传统特征,呈现出显著的暴雨、干热双极端化趋势。为了全面刻画梅雨变化特征,使用基于逐日站点观测数据研发的三维烟雨偏离度指数(D2MR)来表征梅雨的更多维度特征,并以其分指数确定逐年梅雨性质。同时,基于ERA5再分析数据和Hadley Centre数据,确定了影响三维烟雨偏离度指数及其分指数的关键前期因子,并采用年际增量方法分别构建了预测模型。结果表明,预测模型对梅雨极端化指数及其分指数具有显著的预测效果,相关系数可达0.72以上,且性能稳定。该模型可以成功捕捉到1963—2025年三维烟雨偏离度指数的年际变化特征及其显著的上升趋势,准确预测出了近些年梅雨愈发极端的情况,同时也很好地捕捉到极端年份的梅雨性质,成功独立预测出了2020年和2024年的暴力梅以及2022年的高温干旱事件。随着梅雨极端事件频发,其对长江流域社会经济的影响不断加剧,针对梅雨极端化进行表征和预测研究,不仅可为防灾减灾及农业规划提供科学支撑,也对理解区域气候变化规律具有重要的现实意义。

Under the background of global warming, Meiyu precipitation over the Yangtze River basin has increasingly deviated from its traditional characteristics of persistent light rainfall, exhibiting pronounced dual extremes of heavy rainfall and dry heat. Such complex changes are difficult to accurately characterize using a single variable. To comprehensively describe the evolving features of Meiyu, this study employs the Deviation Degree of Misty Rain (D2MR), a multidimensional index developed based on daily station observations, to characterize Meiyu variability from multiple perspectives, and its sub-indices are further used to identify the dominant Meiyu type in each year. Meanwhile, based on ERA5 reanalysis data and datasets from the Hadley Centre, physically meaningful potential predictors are systematically analyzed, and key preceding factors influencing D2MR and its sub-indices are identified. Prediction models are then constructed using the interannual increment approach. The results indicate that the proposed models exhibit significant and stable predictive performance for the Meiyu extremeness index and its sub-indices, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.72. The models successfully capture the interannual variability and the significant upward trend of D2MR during 1963—2025, and effectively reproduce the characteristics of Meiyu in extreme years, accurately reflecting the increasing extremeness of Meiyu in recent decades. In particular, the models independently predict the occurrences of heavy-rainfall-dominated Meiyu in 2020 and 2024, dry-heat-dominated Meiyu in 2022 and 2025, and the alternating heat-rainfall Meiyu characteristics in 2023. As the frequency of extreme Meiyu events continues to increase, exerting greater socio-economic impacts across the Yangtze River Basin, the characterization and prediction of Meiyu extremity provide essential scientific support for disaster prevention, agricultural planning, and enhance our understanding of regional climate variability.

中图分类号: 

图1 高温干旱、极端暴雨及传统梅雨由弱到强(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)3个等级的定义标准
Fig. 1 The definition criteria for hot-dryheavy rainand traditional Meiyu events with three intensity levelsGrade I~III
图2 19632025D2MR观测值的标准化时间序列(据参考文献[4]修改)
交叉线表示高温与降水交替出现;数据基于1963—2020年标准化处理;黑色曲线代表D2MR的二次趋势。
Fig. 2 Standardized D2MR time series from 1963 to 2025modified after reference4])
Cross-hatching marks alternating heat-rainfall years. Standardized to 1963-2020. Black curve shows quadratic trend.
表1 19632018D2MR预测模型中预测因子的年际增量与D2MR DY的相关系数和同号率
Table 1 The R and PSS of the predictors DY and D2MR DY in the D2MR prediction model during 1963-2018
图3 19632018D2MR DY与春季和冬季海冰密集度差值( X1 )、5月土壤湿度( X2 )、2月与1月积雪深度差值( X3 )、3~4月海温( X4 )相关系数的空间分布
灰框表示预测因子的区域;填色部分通过95%显著性检验。
Fig. 3 Spatial correlations between D2MR DY1963-2018and predictorssea ice concentration difference between spring and winterX1 ), May soil moistureX2 ), snow depth difference between February and JanuaryX3 ), and March-April sea surface temperatureX4
Gray boxes mark predictor domains. Shaded areas passed the 95% significance test.
图4 19632025年观测、拟合与独立预测的D2MR DYa)及D2MRb)的时间序列
(b)中黑色直线与橙色虚线分别代表观测与拟合的线性趋势。
Fig. 4 Time series of observedfittedand predicted D2MR DYaand D2MRbduring 1963-2025
The solid black line and dashed orange line in Fig. (b) represent the observed and fitted linear trends, respectively.
图5 19632018D2MR拟合值与20192025年预测值的标准化时间序列
实心和空心圆点分别表示预测与观测一致与不一致;数据基于1963—2020年做标准化处理;黑色曲线代表D2MR的二次趋势。黄色阴影代表独立预测。
Fig. 5 Standardized time series of fitted1963-2018and predicted2019-2025D2MR
Solid and open circles denote consistent and inconsistent predictions with observations, respectively. Data are standardized relative to 1963-2020. The black curve shows the quadratic trend of D2MR. The yellow shaded area represents the prediction.
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